{"id":26035,"date":"2025-12-19T17:23:19","date_gmt":"2025-12-19T10:23:19","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/base.vn\/blog\/?p=26035"},"modified":"2026-01-08T10:40:26","modified_gmt":"2026-01-08T03:40:26","slug":"muda-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/base.vn\/blog\/muda-la-gi\/","title":{"rendered":"Muda l\u00e0 g\u00ec? 9 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed trong Lean Manufacturing"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1i \u01b0u ho\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh doanh, doanh nghi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Theo tri\u1ebft l\u00fd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tinh g\u1ecdn (Lean) v\u00e0 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t Toyota, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 Muda. V\u1eady c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 h\u01a1n th\u00ec Muda l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/strong> L\u00e0m th\u1ebf n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf Muda v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t? H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng Base.vn<\/a> t\u00ecm c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi trong n\u1ed9i dung sau \u0111\u00e2y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Muda l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1.1 \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a Muda theo ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt v\u00e0 trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tinh g\u1ecdn (Lean\/TPS)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Muda (\u7121\u99c4)<\/strong> trong ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cv\u00f4 \u00edch, l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/strong>\u201d. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m m\u00e0 Toyota \u0111\u00e3 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ea5t th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o ra cu\u1ed9c c\u00e1ch m\u1ea1ng trong ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tinh g\u1ecdn (Lean)<\/a> v\u00e0 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t Toyota (TPS), Muda \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c (nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi gian, nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c, nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u hay thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c) nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb m\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng chi tr\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang v\u1ec1 Muda, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n 3 nh\u00f3m ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n trong m\u1ecdi quy tr\u00ecnh kinh doanh – v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (Value-Added Activities): <\/strong>Nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp l\u00e0m t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ch\u1ea5p nh\u1eadn tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho ch\u00fang.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m (Necessary Non-Value-Added Activities):<\/strong> Kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u00ec y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, an to\u00e0n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng, ho\u1eb7c ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (Non-Value-Added Activities):<\/strong> \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Muda, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u01b0 th\u1eeba, kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n..<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"Muda
Muda l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

1.2 Ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m Muda trong H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t Toyota (TPS)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t Toyota (Toyota Production System – TPS) ra \u0111\u1eddi trong b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n v\u1eeba tr\u1ea3i qua Th\u1ebf chi\u1ebfn II, v\u1edbi ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c c\u00f2n r\u1ea5t h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf. Ch\u00ednh \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u00fac \u0111\u1ea9y c\u00e1c doanh nghi\u1ec7p Nh\u1eadt B\u1ea3n t\u00ecm c\u00e1ch t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a m\u1ecdi ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c m\u00ecnh c\u00f3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Taiichi Ohno (ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u201ccha \u0111\u1ebb\u201d c\u1ee7a TPS) nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/a> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 l\u00e0m nhanh h\u01a1n, m\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng ph\u1ea7n th\u1eeba, nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u01b0 duy n\u00e0y xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb v\u0103n h\u00f3a ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m \u0111\u1eb7c tr\u01b0ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi Nh\u1eadt, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 n\u00e9t nh\u1ea5t qua kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m \u201cMottainai\u201d (\u3082\u3063\u305f\u3044\u306a\u3044), m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 c\u1ea3m gi\u00e1c \u201cti\u1ebfc nu\u1ed1i khi l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed\u201d. Theo \u0111\u00f3, Ohno \u0111\u00e3 chuy\u1ec3n tinh th\u1ea7n n\u00e0y th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb c\u00f3 t\u00ednh h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng, t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t Toyota v\u1edbi hai tr\u1ee5 c\u1ed9t ch\u00ednh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac (Just-In-Time):<\/strong> Ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m ra \u0111\u00fang s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, \u0111\u00fang th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m, v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n kho th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– T\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a c\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t (Jidoka): <\/strong>M\u00e1y m\u00f3c t\u1ef1 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 d\u1eebng l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t h\u00e0ng l\u1ed7i h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1edd \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tri\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ec3 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf Muda, Toyota \u0111\u00e3 b\u1ee9t ph\u00e1 m\u1ea1nh m\u1ebd. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, t\u1ea1i nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y Georgetown (Kentucky, M\u1ef9), th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1ed9t chi\u1ebfc Camry \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 18 gi\u1edd xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 9 gi\u1edd nh\u1edd vi\u1ec7c tinh gi\u1ea3n quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed. Kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng t\u00edch c\u1ef1c trong ng\u00e0nh \u00f4 t\u00f4, TPS sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u00e3 tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u1ee7a ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tinh g\u1ecdn (Lean), \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng r\u1ed9ng r\u00e3i trong d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, y t\u1ebf, gi\u00e1o d\u1ee5c, logistics v\u00e0 nhi\u1ec1u l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c kh\u00e1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.3 V\u00ec sao doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i quan t\u00e2m \u0111\u1ebfn Muda?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Muda kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u0103ng l\u00ean, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n g\u00e2y ra \u201chi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng domino\u201d \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p. N\u1ebfu trong quy tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed, th\u00ec th\u1eddi gian ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m hay d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 s\u1ebd k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u01a1n, khi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, nh\u1eefng chi ph\u00ed \u1ea9n do Muda g\u00e2y ra th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u1edbn h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi con s\u1ed1 doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u01b0\u1edfng t\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Muda c\u0169ng t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Khi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nhi\u1ec1u thao t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng mang l\u1ea1i gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, h\u1ecd d\u1ec5 m\u1ea5t t\u1eadp trung, d\u1ec5 m\u1eafc l\u1ed7i h\u01a1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n \u0111\u1ee7 th\u1eddi gian cho nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ed3n kho cao h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft c\u0169ng l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Muda, v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u201cche gi\u1ea5u\u201d c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, Ch\u1ec9 khi s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t xong m\u1ed9t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn h\u00e0ng h\u00f3a, doanh nghi\u1ec7p m\u1edbi ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n ra l\u1ed7i th\u00ec \u0111\u00e3 qu\u00e1 mu\u1ed9n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn ra m\u00ecnh \u0111ang \u201cng\u1eadp\u201d trong Muda th\u00f4ng qua nh\u1eefng bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n nh\u01b0: t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 t\u1ed3n kho so v\u1edbi doanh thu v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 15%; th\u1eddi gian giao h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng k\u00e9o d\u00e0i; t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 ng\u00e0y c\u00e0ng cao; nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng ca nh\u01b0ng n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n; v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c ph\u00e0n n\u00e0n v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ecdc th\u00eam:<\/strong> Top\u202f10+ ph\u1ea7n m\u1ec1m qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p 2025<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. B\u1ed9 3M trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tinh g\u1ecdn: Muda \u2013 Mura \u2013 Muri<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

2.1 3M (Muda, Mura, Muri) l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

‘Toyota nh\u1eadn ra r\u1eb1ng Muda kh\u00f4ng t\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch \u0111\u01a1n l\u1ebb, m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n g\u1eafn li\u1ec1n v\u1edbi hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 kh\u00e1c trong b\u1ed9 3M: Mura (m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng) ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong quy tr\u00ecnh, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng ho\u1eb7c k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00fac \u00edt l\u00fac nhi\u1ec1u. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Muri (qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i)<\/a> m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c hay h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb bu\u1ed9c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed9 3M n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t v\u00f2ng tr\u00f2n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i. Trong tri\u1ebft l\u00fd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Toyota, 3M \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 \u201cg\u1ed1c r\u1ec5\u201d c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. Ch\u00fang t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i c\u00f9ng nhau, t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1eabn nhau, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u1ed9t y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0o t\u0103ng l\u00ean th\u00ec hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i s\u1ebd xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n theo. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, khi c\u00f3 Mura (bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng), doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i d\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m cao \u0111i\u1ec3m (g\u00e2y ra Muri – qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i) v\u00e0 r\u1ed3i nh\u1eefng l\u00fac th\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec3m th\u00ec l\u1ea1i ph\u00e1t sinh d\u01b0 th\u1eeba ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c (t\u1ea1o ra Muda – l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/a> hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u1ea1i, vi\u1ec7c x\u1eed l\u00fd 3M theo th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 \u01b0u ti\u00ean r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng. C\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tinh g\u1ecdn (Lean) cho r\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf Muda (l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed), m\u00e0 n\u00ean t\u1eadp trung c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc, ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m Mura v\u00e0 Muri. Khi hai nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t, th\u00ec Muda s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m \u0111i m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n

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\"B\u1ed9
B\u1ed9 3M trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tinh g\u1ecdn: Muda \u2013 Mura \u2013 Muri<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

2.2 Mura v\u00e0 Muri t\u1ea1o ra Muda nh\u01b0 th\u1ebf n\u00e0o trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Trong quy tr\u00ecnh l\u00e0m b\u00e1nh m\u00ec c\u1ee7a m\u1ed9t c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng nh\u1ecf, s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo t\u1eebng ng\u00e0y: Th\u1ee9 Hai c\u00f3 500 \u1ed5, Th\u1ee9 Ba ch\u1ec9 200 \u1ed5, nh\u01b0ng Th\u1ee9 S\u00e1u l\u1ea1i l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 800 \u1ed5. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Mura (s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng trong nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00e0o Th\u1ee9 S\u00e1u, \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ecbp l\u00e0m 800 \u1ed5, c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean l\u00e0m 12 ti\u1ebfng m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y, m\u00e1y n\u01b0\u1edbng ch\u1ea1y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian ngh\u1ec9 hay b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Muri (h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i). Khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c b\u1ecb \u00e9p l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1 s\u1ee9c, l\u1ed7i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n: b\u00e1nh b\u1ecb ch\u00e1y, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng gi\u1eefa ch\u1eebng. T\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o ra Muda (l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, v\u00e0o Th\u1ee9 Ba ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n l\u00e0m 200 \u1ed5, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean r\u1ea3nh r\u1ed7i, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c ch\u1ea1y d\u01b0\u1edbi c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u1eabn ph\u1ea3i chi tr\u1ea3 chi ph\u00ed c\u1ed1 \u0111\u1ecbnh. \u0110\u00e2y c\u0169ng l\u00e0 Muda (l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed do s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Theo t\u01b0 duy s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tinh g\u1ecdn, gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u00fang \u0111\u1eafn d\u00e0nh cho c\u1eeda h\u00e0ng b\u00e1nh m\u00ec n\u00e0y l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng h\u01a1n. C\u1eeda h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng tr\u01b0\u1edbc v\u1edbi \u01b0u \u0111\u00e3i, ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec1u trong tu\u1ea7n ho\u1eb7c th\u00eam s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi \u0111\u1ec3 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhu c\u1ea7u. Khi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng (Mura) gi\u1ea3m, qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i (Muri) gi\u1ea3m theo, v\u00e0 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed (Muda) c\u0169ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn m\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.3 \u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng b\u1ed9 3M trong qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, b\u1ed9 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 3M l\u00e0 \u201cl\u0103ng k\u00ednh\u201d gi\u00fap nh\u00e0 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 nh\u1eefng v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 \u1ea9n b\u00ean trong quy tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh. Thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 ch\u00fa t\u00e2m v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t, doanh thu, doanh nghi\u1ec7p n\u00ean quan s\u00e1t c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u c\u1ee7a Muda, Mura v\u00e0 Muri trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 \u201cGemba Walk\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp xu\u1ed1ng nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, c\u00f4ng x\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t. Khi th\u1ea5y nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ee9ng ch\u1edd m\u00e1y ch\u1ea1y (m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng Muda), ng\u01b0\u1eddi qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd c\u1ea7n h\u1ecfi: \u201cV\u00ec sao l\u1ea1i c\u00f3 th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd?\u201d. Th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00e2u tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi s\u1ebd l\u00e0 do m\u00e1y m\u00f3c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c b\u1ea3o tr\u00ec \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n (Mura) ho\u1eb7c m\u00e1y b\u1ecb khai th\u00e1c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c (Muri).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

K\u1ebft h\u1ee3p t\u01b0 duy 3M v\u1edbi c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Kaizen (c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c) v\u00e0 5S (s\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc \u2013 s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp \u2013 s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd \u2013 s\u0103n s\u00f3c \u2013 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng) s\u1ebd gi\u00fap doanh nghi\u1ec7p x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 li\u1ec1n m\u1ea1ch. L\u1ed9 tr\u00ecnh th\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng m\u00e0 c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia Lean khuy\u1ebfn ngh\u1ecb g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Gi\u1ea3m Muri b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Gi\u1ea3m Mura th\u00f4ng qua chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh, l\u00e0m \u0111\u1ec1u nh\u1ecbp s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Khi hai y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 tr\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd, Muda s\u1ebd t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed Muda<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

3.1 Khung TIMWOOD v\u00e0 phi\u00ean b\u1ea3n m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng 8 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Taiichi Ohno \u0111\u00e3 ch\u1ec9 ra 7 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong m\u1ecdi quy tr\u00ecnh. Sau n\u00e0y, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tinh g\u1ecdn (Lean) gom ch\u00fang l\u1ea1i th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t t\u1eeb d\u1ec5 nh\u1edb: TIMWOOD. M\u1ed7i ch\u1eef c\u00e1i c\u1ee7a TIMWOOD \u0111\u1ea1i di\u1ec7n cho m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed nh\u01b0 sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Transportation: l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Inventory: l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed t\u1ed3n kho<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Motion: l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed thao t\u00e1c, di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi\/m\u00e1y m\u00f3c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Waiting: l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Overproduction: l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed do s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1eeba<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Over-processing: l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed do gia c\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Defects: l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed do l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p Lean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0o c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh ngo\u00e0i l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean gia nh\u1eadn ra m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed kh\u00e1c c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t quan tr\u1ecdng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0: Unused Talent (kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c, s\u00e1ng ki\u1ebfn v\u00e0 k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi). V\u00ec v\u1eady, m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh TIMWOOD c\u00f2n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng th\u00e0nh 8 lo\u1ea1i:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed<\/strong><\/td>Trong ti\u1ebfng Anh<\/strong><\/td>M\u00f4 t\u1ea3 ng\u1eafn g\u1ecdn<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
V\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n<\/td>Transportation<\/td>Di chuy\u1ec3n v\u1eadt t\u01b0, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/td><\/tr>
T\u1ed3n kho<\/td>Inventory<\/td>Nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u, b\u00e1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m d\u01b0 th\u1eeba<\/td><\/tr>
Thao t\u00e1c<\/td>Motion<\/td>Chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/td><\/tr>
Ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i<\/td>Waiting<\/td>Th\u1eddi gian nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i c\u1ee7a ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e1y, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/td><\/tr>
S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1eeba<\/td>Overproduction<\/td>L\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u, s\u1edbm, nhanh h\u01a1n nhu c\u1ea7u<\/td><\/tr>
Gia c\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c<\/td>Over-processing<\/td>Th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/td><\/tr>
L\u1ed7i sai v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i<\/td>Defects<\/td>S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u1ed7i, ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i, s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa<\/td><\/tr>
Kh\u00f4ng d\u00f9ng h\u1ebft n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c<\/td>Unused Talent<\/td>B\u1ecf ph\u00ed k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng, \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, kinh nghi\u1ec7m nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n
\n
\"C\u00e1c
C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed Muda<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

3.2 L\u00e3ng ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1eeba (Overproduction)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed, Ohno xem s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1eeba l\u00e0 “l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed t\u1ed9i l\u1ed7i nh\u1ea5t” v\u00ec n\u00f3 k\u00e9o theo h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed kh\u00e1c. L\u00e3ng ph\u00ed n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra khi:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u00e0m ra nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u1ea7n<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t s\u1edbm h\u01a1n th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– T\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nhanh h\u01a1n t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 ti\u00eau th\u1ee5<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t: M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y d\u1ec7t ch\u1ea1y m\u00e1y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c 24\/7 \u0111\u1ec3 \u201ct\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t\u201d, t\u1ea1o ra h\u00e0ng ngh\u00ecn m\u00e9t v\u1ea3i trong khi \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u v\u00e0i tr\u0103m m\u00e9t. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0: t\u1ed3n kho t\u0103ng, chi ph\u00ed l\u01b0u kho ph\u00ecnh to; h\u00e0ng d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng, \u1ea9m m\u1ed1c; d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n b\u1ecb chi\u1ebfm d\u1ee5ng, kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u1eb7t h\u00e0ng kh\u00e1c khi c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u m\u1edbi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1eeba th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua nhi\u1ec1u h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c nh\u01b0: l\u00e0m b\u00e1o c\u00e1o qu\u00e1 d\u00e0i trong khi c\u1ea5p tr\u00ean ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n b\u1ea3n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft, in t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u cho 100 ng\u01b0\u1eddi khi bu\u1ed5i h\u1ecdp ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 50 ng\u01b0\u1eddi, hay x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 khi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ch\u01b0a y\u00eau c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb t\u00e2m l\u00fd \u201cl\u00e0m nhi\u1ec1u cho ch\u1eafc\u201d, h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 sai l\u1ec7ch (khen th\u01b0\u1edfng theo s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay v\u00ec theo nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf), ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng tin ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c v\u1ec1 nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n t\u1eeb m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u201c\u0111\u1ea9y\u201d (s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tr\u01b0\u1edbc) sang m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u201ck\u00e9o\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t khi c\u00f3 t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u t\u1eeb kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp trong d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.3 L\u00e3ng ph\u00ed ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i (Waiting)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed d\u1ec5 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 b\u1ecb xem nh\u1eb9. Th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd c\u00e0ng nhi\u1ec1u, d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb c\u00e0ng ch\u1eadm, v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed c\u00e0ng t\u0103ng. C\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn bao g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ch\u1edd m\u00e1y ch\u1ea1y xong<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– M\u00e1y m\u00f3c ch\u1edd nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– B\u00e1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m ch\u1edd ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– H\u1ed3 s\u01a1 ch\u1edd l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn nh\u1ecf trong quy tr\u00ecnh c\u0169ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y ra t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, trong m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, n\u1ebfu m\u00e1y g\u1eafn linh ki\u1ec7n c\u00f3 chu k\u1ef3 5 ph\u00fat nh\u01b0ng nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd 2 ph\u00fat \u0111\u1ec3 n\u1ea1p linh ki\u1ec7n m\u1edbi, doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111\u00e3 m\u1ea5t 40% th\u1eddi gian v\u00f4 \u00edch.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e3ng ph\u00ed ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm th\u1eddi gian s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c, t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m d\u1edf dang, v\u00e0 che gi\u1ea5u c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng trong d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n. Trong d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y l\u00e0 ph\u00f2ng kh\u00e1m nha khoa: n\u1ebfu b\u00e1c s\u0129 ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd y t\u00e1 chu\u1ea9n b\u1ecb d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, th\u00ec b\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ti\u1ebfp theo c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i l\u00e2u h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.4 L\u00e3ng ph\u00ed v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n (Transportation)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e3ng ph\u00ed v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n x\u1ea3y ra khi v\u1eadt t\u01b0, b\u00e1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3i di chuy\u1ec3n qua nhi\u1ec1u v\u1ecb tr\u00ed kh\u00e1c nhau m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o th\u00eam gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. L\u01b0u \u00fd: v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi thao t\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng. V\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n l\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n c\u1ee7a v\u1eadt ph\u1ea9m, c\u00f2n chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00f3i v\u1ec1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5 trong ng\u00e0nh may m\u1eb7c: M\u1ed9t cu\u1ed9n v\u1ea3i \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u01b0a t\u1eeb kho \u0111\u1ebfn khu c\u1eaft, sau \u0111\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chuy\u1ec3n t\u1edbi khu may, r\u1ed3i chuy\u1ec3n sang khu ho\u00e0n thi\u1ec7n, cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c mang v\u1ec1 kho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m. N\u1ebfu nh\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, th\u00ec t\u1ed5ng qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0ng tr\u0103m m\u00e9t cho m\u1ed7i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y k\u00e9o theo: chi ph\u00ed di chuy\u1ec3n t\u0103ng l\u00ean; c\u1ea7n th\u00eam thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n; v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng cao h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p t\u1ed1i \u01b0u l\u00e0 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng theo m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh \u201cd\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y m\u1ed9t s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m\u201d (one-piece flow): s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n li\u1ec1n k\u1ec1 nhau theo \u0111\u00fang tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1, gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m qu\u00e3ng \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng di chuy\u1ec3n xu\u1ed1ng m\u1ee9c th\u1ea5p nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n \u1edf vi\u1ec7c nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111i l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ph\u00f2ng ban ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 chuy\u1ec3n gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd, ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i l\u01b0u tr\u1eef h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 gi\u1ea5y c\u1ed3ng k\u1ec1nh thay v\u00ec s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.5 L\u00e3ng ph\u00ed thao t\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng (Motion)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e3ng ph\u00ed chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi ho\u1eb7c m\u00e1y m\u00f3c ph\u1ea3i th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n nh\u1eefng thao t\u00e1c kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. Nh\u1eefng h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1ecf nh\u01b0 v\u1edbi tay qu\u00e1 xa \u0111\u1ec3 l\u1ea5y d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5, c\u00fai xu\u1ed1ng nh\u1eb7t v\u1eadt r\u01a1i, xoay ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111\u1ec3 xem m\u00e0n h\u00ecnh hay \u0111i qua \u0111i l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c v\u1ecb tr\u00ed l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec1u ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 n\u0103ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong c\u00e1c nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u00e1c, c\u00e1c chuy\u00ean gia ch\u1ec9 ra r\u1eb1ng m\u1ed9t nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng trung b\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n kho\u1ea3ng 3.000-4.000 l\u1ea7n b\u1ea5m chu\u1ed9t v\u00e0 5.000-6.000 l\u1ea7n g\u00f5 ph\u00edm m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y. N\u1ebfu khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd, s\u1ed1 thao t\u00e1c c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng th\u00eam 20-30%, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e3ng ph\u00ed chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0m t\u0103ng nguy c\u01a1 ch\u1ea5n th\u01b0\u01a1ng c\u01a1 x\u01b0\u01a1ng kh\u1edbp, gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0 l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ed9 nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc 5S (S\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc, S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp, S\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd, S\u0103n s\u00f3c, S\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng) th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 theo t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng, b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 trong t\u1ea7m v\u1edbi v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec kh\u00f4ng gian l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.6 L\u00e3ng ph\u00ed t\u1ed3n kho (Inventory)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ed3n kho \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c coi l\u00e0 \u201cg\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ee7a m\u1ecdi v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1\u201d v\u00ec khi\u1ebfn nhi\u1ec1u sai s\u00f3t trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng tr\u1edf n\u00ean kh\u00f3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n. T\u1ed3n kho c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 nguy\u00ean v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u ch\u01b0a d\u00f9ng, s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111ang l\u00e0m dang d\u1edf, th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m ch\u01b0a b\u00e1n, ho\u1eb7c trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng l\u00e0 h\u1ed3 s\u01a1, t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u \u0111ang ch\u1edd x\u1eed l\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ed3n kho cao k\u00e9o theo nhi\u1ec1u r\u1ee7i ro nh\u01b0 v\u1ed1n b\u1ecb gi\u1eef l\u1ea1i thay v\u00ec d\u00f9ng v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c kh\u00e1c, chi ph\u00ed l\u01b0u kho (m\u1eb7t b\u1eb1ng, \u0111i\u1ec7n, b\u1ea3o qu\u1ea3n), nguy c\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng ho\u1eb7c l\u1ed7i th\u1eddi. \u0110\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t, t\u1ed3n kho nhi\u1ec1u khi\u1ebfn doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. N\u1ebfu c\u00f3 1.000 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m t\u1ed3n kho, vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i s\u1ebd ch\u1eadm h\u01a1n r\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u so v\u1edbi khi ch\u1ec9 c\u00f3 10 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, ch\u00fang ta c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t t\u1ed3n kho l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u1ed3n kho an to\u00e0n. M\u1ed9t m\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n kho \u0111\u1ec7m \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng nhu c\u1ea7u bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p giao h\u00e0ng ch\u1eadm l\u00e0 c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. V\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 ch\u1ec9 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi t\u1ed3n kho v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c an to\u00e0n n\u00e0y. Nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng ty \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng tinh g\u1ecdn th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng \u0111\u00e3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed3n kho t\u1eeb 30-45 ng\u00e0y xu\u1ed1ng ch\u1ec9 c\u00f2n 3-5 ng\u00e0y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, t\u1ed3n kho c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u0111ang x\u1ebfp h\u00e0ng ch\u1edd ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5, email ch\u01b0a tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi, hay danh s\u00e1ch y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c x\u1eed l\u00fd. Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc l\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m nh\u1eefng \u201ct\u1ed3n kho v\u00f4 h\u00ecnh\u201d n\u00e0y \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1edbm nh\u1eadn ra v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft nhanh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.7 L\u00e3ng ph\u00ed do gia c\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c (Over\u2011processing)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u00e3ng ph\u00ed do gia c\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n khi doanh nghi\u1ec7p th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n th\u00eam b\u01b0\u1edbc x\u1eed l\u00fd, \u0111\u1eb7t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n qu\u00e1 cao, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m tinh vi h\u01a1n m\u1ee9c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ea7n. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed kh\u00f3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n v\u00ec th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00fd gi\u1ea3i b\u1eb1ng c\u00e2u \u201cl\u00e0m cho ch\u1eafc\u201d, \u201c\u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng\u201d, ho\u1eb7c \u201cquy \u0111\u1ecbnh c\u00f4ng ty y\u00eau c\u1ea7u th\u1ebf\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, v\u00ed d\u1ee5 ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t kim lo\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 nh\u1eb5n 0,1 micromet d\u00f9 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n 0,5 micromet, ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ebfn 5 l\u1ea7n trong khi ch\u1ec9 2 l\u1ea7n l\u00e0 \u0111\u1ee7. Trong d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua vi\u1ec7c b\u1eaft kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111i\u1ec1n qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u th\u00f4ng tin, ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m b\u00e1o c\u00e1o d\u00e0i 50 trang trong khi l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o ch\u1ec9 xem ph\u1ea7n t\u00f3m t\u1eaft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, t\u00e2m l\u00fd s\u1ee3 sai n\u00ean l\u00e0m d\u01b0, ho\u1eb7c quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt theo th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u1ec3 h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed do gia c\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c l\u00e0 giao ti\u1ebfp th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean h\u01a1n v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u \u0111\u00fang nhu c\u1ea7u, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u201c\u0111\u1ee7 t\u1ed1t\u201d thay v\u00ec \u201cho\u00e0n h\u1ea3o tuy\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed1i\u201d, v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh k\u1ef3 xem l\u1ea1i quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng c\u00f2n ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.8 L\u00e3ng ph\u00ed do l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i (Defects)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

L\u1ed7i v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i l\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed d\u1ec5 nh\u1eadn ra nh\u1ea5t v\u00ec n\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 uy t\u00edn doanh nghi\u1ec7p. M\u1ed7i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u1ed7i kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 g\u00e2y t\u1ed1n nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng s\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ec3 s\u1eeda ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i. Nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, n\u1ebfu l\u1ed7i \u0111\u1ebfn tay kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f2n ch\u1ecbu thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 ni\u1ec1m tin th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 sau b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chi ph\u00ed do l\u1ed7i th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 b\u1eb1ng quy t\u1eafc 1-10-100: ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t 1 chi ph\u00ed, ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n sau khi giao cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng th\u00ec t\u1ed1n 10, v\u00e0 n\u1ebfu ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i hay thu h\u1ed3i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m th\u00ec chi ph\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u0103ng l\u00ean 100 l\u1ea7n. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t con chip l\u1ed7i tr\u1ecb gi\u00e1 50.000 \u0111\u1ed3ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y thi\u1ec7t h\u1ea1i t\u1edbi 5 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1eafp v\u00e0o \u0111i\u1ec7n tho\u1ea1i v\u00e0 b\u00e1n ra th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng, l\u1ed7i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 sai th\u00f4ng tin trong b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, g\u1eedi nh\u1ea7m email, ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfu gi\u1ea5y t\u1edd c\u1ea7n k\u00fd. Nh\u1eefng l\u1ed7i n\u00e0y c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 k\u00e9o theo h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i nh\u01b0 ch\u1ec9nh s\u1eeda b\u00e1o c\u00e1o, g\u1eedi th\u01b0 xin l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 g\u1eedi l\u1ea1i email, ho\u1eb7c quay l\u1ea1i g\u1eb7p kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 k\u00fd b\u1ed5 sung.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u201cl\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang ngay t\u1eeb \u0111\u1ea7u\u201d trong tinh g\u1ecdn nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 v\u00e0o ng\u0103n ng\u1eeba l\u1ed7i h\u01a1n l\u00e0 s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i. Doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean, \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn (Poka-yoke) v\u00e0 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a b\u00e1o l\u1ed7i s\u1edbm \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi x\u1eed l\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.9 L\u00e3ng ph\u00ed do kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi (Unused Talent)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed th\u1ee9 8 n\u00e0y th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u1ee7a tinh g\u1ecdn: chuy\u1ec3n s\u1ef1 t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u00e1y m\u00f3c sang con ng\u01b0\u1eddi \u1edf trung t\u00e2m. Vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng khai th\u00e1c h\u1ebft n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ed3ng ngh\u0129a v\u1edbi vi\u1ec7c b\u1ecf ph\u00ed \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o, kinh nghi\u1ec7m th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, k\u1ef9 n\u0103ng chuy\u00ean m\u00f4n v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn m\u00e0 h\u1ecd c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 mang l\u1ea1i cho doanh nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n d\u01b0\u1edbi nhi\u1ec1u d\u1ea1ng nh\u01b0: m\u1ed9t k\u1ef9 s\u01b0 l\u1ea1i ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh; ng\u01b0\u1eddi c\u00f3 h\u01a1n 10 n\u0103m kinh nghi\u1ec7m nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c tham gia \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u00fd ki\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn; nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean tuy\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ea7u ti\u1ebfp x\u00fac kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng m\u1ed7i ng\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c h\u1ecfi \u00fd ki\u1ebfn khi ph\u00e1t tri\u1ec3n s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u1edbi; ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n l\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 k\u00eanh n\u00e0o \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean g\u1eedi \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Toyota t\u1eebng \u01b0\u1edbc t\u00ednh r\u1eb1ng n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p, m\u1ed7i nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra trung b\u00ecnh 10-12 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn m\u1ed7i n\u0103m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u0103n h\u00f3a Kaizen (c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c) v\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c trao quy\u1ec1n cho nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ch\u00eca kh\u00f3a \u0111\u1ec3 khai th\u00e1c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c qu\u00fd gi\u00e1 n\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng \u1edf \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 c\u1ea7n t\u1ea1o c\u01a1 ch\u1ebf khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch v\u00e0 ghi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ph\u1ea3i \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1ea3 thi v\u00e0o c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ecdc th\u00eam:<\/strong> Six Sigma l\u00e0 g\u00ec? Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/a><\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.  C\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n Muda trong doanh nghi\u1ec7p<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

4.1 Nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb: ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u2013 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb \u2013 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n Muda (l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed) l\u00e0 b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ec3 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn quy tr\u00ecnh. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y c\u1ea7n d\u1ef1a tr\u00ean g\u00f3c nh\u00ecn c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng: ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o l\u00e0 b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c nh\u01b0ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, v\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0o ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf. Nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa 3 lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 gi\u00fap ch\u00fang ta x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 Muda.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (Value-Added): l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed5i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 theo \u0111\u00fang nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, v\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u00f3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: h\u00e0n khung xe, s\u01a1n, l\u1eafp \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u01a1 trong d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n \u00f4 t\u00f4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb nh\u01b0ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c (Necessary Non-Value-Added): kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m t\u0103ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb theo c\u00e1ch kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c, nh\u01b0ng b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m v\u00ec y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, an to\u00e0n, ho\u1eb7c ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. V\u00ed d\u1ee5: l\u01b0u h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 theo lu\u1eadt, ki\u1ec3m tra b\u1eaft bu\u1ed9c \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o an to\u00e0n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (Non-Value-Added) = Muda: l\u00e0 c\u00e1c thao t\u00e1c th\u1eeba th\u00e3i, ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00f4 \u00edch,\u2026 c\u1ea7n lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 ti\u1ebft ki\u1ec7m th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1a v\u00e0o 3 c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi sau \u0111\u00e2y \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong quy tr\u00ecnh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 l\u00e0m thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00ecnh d\u1ea1ng, t\u00ednh n\u0103ng ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ee9c n\u0103ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. N\u1ebfu kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng bi\u1ebft ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i, h\u1ecd c\u00f3 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho n\u00f3 kh\u00f4ng?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n \u0111\u00fang ngay t\u1eeb l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ea7u hay l\u00e0 ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m \u0111i l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u01b0\u1edbi \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 b\u1ea3ng minh h\u1ecda vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng trong quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00e1m b\u1ec7nh t\u1ea1i b\u1ec7nh vi\u1ec7n:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/td>Ph\u00e2n lo\u1ea1i<\/strong><\/td>L\u00fd do<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
B\u00e1c s\u0129 kh\u00e1m v\u00e0 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n <\/td>T\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/td>Kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n cho d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 n\u00e0y<\/td><\/tr>
X\u00e9t nghi\u1ec7m theo ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/td>T\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/td>C\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ea9n \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c<\/td><\/tr>
L\u01b0u h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 b\u1ec7nh \u00e1n<\/td>C\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/td>Y\u00eau c\u1ea7u ph\u00e1p l\u00fd, kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp<\/td><\/tr>
B\u1ec7nh nh\u00e2n ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i<\/td>L\u00e3ng ph\u00ed<\/td>Kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng mu\u1ed1n tr\u1ea3 ti\u1ec1n <\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

4.2 Quy tr\u00ecnh 5 b\u01b0\u1edbc nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n Muda t\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng (Gemba)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Gemba trong ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201chi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d, \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c hi\u1ec3u l\u00e0 n\u01a1i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf di\u1ec5n ra. Vi\u1ec7c nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n Muda t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e0m ngay t\u1ea1i Gemba b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch quan s\u00e1t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u00e0 \u0111o \u0111\u1ebfm d\u1eef li\u1ec7u. Quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n g\u1ed3m 5 b\u01b0\u1edbc:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 1: Ch\u1ecdn quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ch\u1ecdn m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 thay v\u00ec c\u1ed1 g\u1eafng l\u00e0m t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 c\u00f9ng l\u00fac (v\u00ed d\u1ee5: quy tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, d\u00f2ng l\u1eafp r\u00e1p A, ho\u1eb7c kh\u00e2u ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u0110\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c: gi\u1ea3m 30% th\u1eddi gian x\u1eed l\u00fd, gi\u1ea3m 50% t\u1ed3n kho WIP, hay gi\u1ea3m 20% t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 2: Quan s\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng v\u00e0 thu th\u1eadp d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Quan s\u00e1t quy tr\u00ecnh \u00edt nh\u1ea5t 2\u20133 ng\u00e0y trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng; n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 th\u1ec3, \u0111\u1eebng b\u00e1o tr\u01b0\u1edbc cho nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh thay \u0111\u1ed5i h\u00e0nh vi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ghi l\u1ea1i s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3: th\u1eddi gian t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd, kho\u1ea3ng c\u00e1ch di chuy\u1ec3n, t\u1ea7n su\u1ea5t l\u1ed7i, s\u1ed1 ng\u01b0\u1eddi tham gia.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– D\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3, m\u00e1y ghi th\u1eddi gian, checklist ho\u1eb7c video (n\u1ebfu \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e9p) \u0111\u1ec3 l\u01b0u ch\u1ee9ng c\u1ee9.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 3: V\u1ebd s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f2ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb ho\u1eb7c s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 quy tr\u00ecnh chi ti\u1ebft<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f2ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (Value Stream Mapping) m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc, th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n, th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd v\u00e0 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1ed3n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Ph\u00e2n bi\u1ec7t r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Vi\u1ec7c n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y ngay \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e0m m\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 4: G\u1eafn nh\u00e3n c\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed theo b\u1ed9 7 (8) lo\u1ea1i Muda<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Duy\u1ec7t t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc trong s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed: ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, t\u1ed3n kho, thao t\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eeba, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1eeba, gia c\u00f4ng qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c, l\u1ed7i v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– M\u1ed9t b\u01b0\u1edbc c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u1ee9a nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed; h\u00e3y ghi ch\u00fa c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 x\u1eed l\u00fd sau n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc 5: \u01afu ti\u00ean x\u1eed l\u00fd theo t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 t\u00ednh kh\u1ea3 thi<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

– D\u00f9ng ma tr\u1eadn t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng (cao\/th\u1ea5p) v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ed9 d\u1ec5 th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n (d\u1ec5\/kh\u00f3) \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1ebfp th\u1ee9 t\u1ef1 h\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– \u01afu ti\u00ean \u201cchi\u1ebfn th\u1eafng nhanh\u201d (quick wins) (nh\u1eefng thay \u0111\u1ed5i d\u1ec5 l\u00e0m nh\u01b0ng mang l\u1ea1i t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn) \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ea1o \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1ef1c. Sau \u0111\u00f3 chuy\u1ec3n sang c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

G\u1ee3i \u00fd c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 v\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Gemba Walk: l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp xu\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 quan s\u00e1t, \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi \u201ct\u1ea1i sao\u201d nhi\u1ec1u l\u1ea7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– S\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f2ng gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb (s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 VSM)<\/a>: \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 lu\u1ed3ng v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Time study \/ \u0111\u1ed3ng h\u1ed3 th\u1eddi gian: \u0111o th\u1eddi gian chu k\u1ef3 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf cho t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– 5 Whys (5 l\u1ea7n h\u1ecfi v\u00ec sao): t\u00ecm nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Kaizen: \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn nh\u1ecf, li\u00ean t\u1ee5c; Poka-yoke: thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf ch\u1ed1ng nh\u1ea7m l\u1eabn; 5S \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m thao t\u00e1c chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed do b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed k\u00e9m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5: khi th\u1ea5y c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ch\u1edd m\u00e1y 2 ph\u00fat gi\u1eefa m\u1ed7i chu k\u1ef3, \u0111\u1eebng ch\u1ec9 c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd \u0111\u00f3; h\u00e3y t\u00ecm nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n (ng\u01b0\u1eddi n\u1ea1p linh ki\u1ec7n hay m\u00e1y c\u1ea7n \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh?). C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 \u0111\u1eb7t v\u1eadt li\u1ec7u g\u1ea7n h\u01a1n (5S) ho\u1eb7c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1ef1 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh ch\u1ed3ng ch\u00e9o (c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea3i).<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"C\u00e1ch
C\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n Muda trong doanh nghi\u1ec7p<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

4.3 V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n Muda trong d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t gh\u1ebf nh\u1ef1a \u0111\u1eb7t m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau gi\u1ea3m 25% th\u1eddi gian chu k\u1ef3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t t\u1eeb 45 ph\u00fat xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 34 ph\u00fat. Sau 3 ng\u00e0y quan s\u00e1t, \u0111\u1ed9i c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ghi nh\u1eadn quy tr\u00ecnh g\u1ed3m 8 b\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u00ednh v\u1edbi t\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi gian chu k\u1ef3 45 ph\u00fat, trong \u0111\u00f3 ch\u1ec9 18 ph\u00fat l\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u01b0\u1edbc<\/strong><\/td>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng<\/strong><\/td>Th\u1eddi gian (ph\u00fat) <\/strong><\/td>Lo\u1ea1i Muda<\/strong><\/td>Nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
1<\/td>V\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n granule nh\u1ef1a t\u1eeb kho \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e1y \u00e9p<\/td>3<\/td>Transportation <\/td>Kho c\u00e1ch xa m\u00e1y 150m<\/td><\/tr>
2<\/td>Ch\u1edd m\u00e1y \u00e9p kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nhi\u1ec7t \u0111\u1ed9<\/td>8<\/td>Waiting<\/td>M\u00e1y t\u1eaft sau m\u1ed7i ca s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/td><\/tr>
3<\/td>\u00c9p nh\u1ef1a th\u00e0nh h\u00ecnh gh\u1ebf<\/td>12<\/td>Value-Added<\/td>Ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/td><\/tr>
4<\/td>Ch\u1edd s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ngu\u1ed9i v\u00e0 l\u1ea5y ra<\/td>4<\/td>Waiting<\/td>Kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m m\u00e1t<\/td><\/tr>
5<\/td>Ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng t\u1eebng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m<\/td>8<\/td>Over-processing<\/td>Ki\u1ec3m tra 100% thay v\u00ec sampling<\/td><\/tr>
6<\/td>S\u1eeda ch\u1eefa s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u1ed7i<\/td>3<\/td>Defects<\/td>T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i 15%<\/td><\/tr>
7<\/td>V\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n \u0111\u1ebfn kho th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m <\/td>5<\/td>Transportation<\/td>B\u1ed1 tr\u00ed kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u<\/td><\/tr>
8<\/td>Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111i l\u1ea1i gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c m\u00e1y <\/td>2<\/td>Motion<\/td>M\u1ed9t ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh 3 m\u00e1y<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n cho th\u1ea5y 27 ph\u00fat (60%) l\u00e0 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed, v\u1edbi Waiting chi\u1ebfm 12 ph\u00fat, Transportation 8 ph\u00fat, Over-processing 8 ph\u00fat, Defects 3 ph\u00fat, v\u00e0 Motion 2 ph\u00fat. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u1ea3i th\u00edch t\u1ea1i sao n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed cao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1c gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t bao g\u1ed3m: di chuy\u1ec3n kho granule g\u1ea7n m\u00e1y \u00e9p (gi\u1ea3m 2 ph\u00fat Transportation), duy tr\u00ec m\u00e1y \u1edf ch\u1ebf \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng thay v\u00ec t\u1eaft ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n (gi\u1ea3m 6 ph\u00fat Waiting), \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng ki\u1ec3m tra sampling thay v\u00ec 100% (gi\u1ea3m 5 ph\u00fat Over-processing), c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i t\u1eeb 15% xu\u1ed1ng 5% (gi\u1ea3m 2 ph\u00fat Defects).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. Ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p v\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 Lean \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf Muda hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

5.1 5S \u2013 N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u00fap nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y Muda r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Quy tr\u00ecnh 5S<\/a> kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p hay s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch gi\u00fap t\u1ea1o ra m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c g\u1ecdn g\u00e0ng, tr\u1ef1c quan, n\u01a1i b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 hay b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng b\u1ecb nh\u1eadn ra ngay l\u1eadp t\u1ee9c. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, c\u00e1c lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed m\u00e0 tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00e2y b\u1ecb che gi\u1ea5u s\u1ebd tr\u1edf n\u00ean r\u1ea5t d\u1ec5 quan s\u00e1t h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

N\u0103m y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 c\u1ee7a 5S g\u1ed3m:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Seiri (S\u00e0ng l\u1ecdc): lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf nh\u1eefng v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh m\u1ea5t th\u1eddi gian t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ho\u1eb7c ph\u1ea3i di chuy\u1ec3n nhi\u1ec1u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Seiton (S\u1eafp x\u1ebfp): b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed m\u1ecdi th\u1ee9 \u0111\u00fang ch\u1ed7, c\u00f3 \u0111\u00e1nh d\u1ea5u r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, gi\u00fap nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i loay hoay t\u00ecm c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Seiso (S\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd): lau d\u1ecdn v\u00e0 gi\u1eef n\u01a1i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c lu\u00f4n s\u1ea1ch. S\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1eb9p m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u00fap ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n s\u1edbm c\u00e1c v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 nh\u01b0 r\u00f2 r\u1ec9 d\u1ea7u, chi ti\u1ebft b\u1ecb m\u00f2n, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Seiketsu (Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a): duy tr\u00ec ba b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1eb1ng c\u00e1c quy \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh vi\u1ec7c \u201cl\u00e0m m\u1ed9t l\u1ea7n r\u1ed3i b\u1ecf\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Shitsuke (S\u1eb5n s\u00e0ng\/ K\u1ef7 lu\u1eadt): t\u1ea1o th\u00f3i quen v\u00e0 tinh th\u1ea7n t\u1ef1 gi\u00e1c cho to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u1ec3 5S tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh v\u0103n h\u00f3a th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 ch\u1ee9 kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i phong tr\u00e0o.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u00e1c d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee7a 5S th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n qua:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Trong nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y: gi\u1ea3m thao t\u00e1c th\u1eeba v\u00ec d\u1ee5ng c\u1ee5 lu\u00f4n \u1edf trong t\u1ea7m v\u1edbi; gi\u1ea3m ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i v\u00ec thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c ho\u1eb7c b\u1ea9n; gi\u1ea3m l\u1ed7i do m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c s\u1ea1ch s\u1ebd v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Trong v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng: 5S s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a gi\u00fap h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng h\u00f3a file, email, th\u01b0 m\u1ee5c; nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean t\u00ecm t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u nhanh h\u01a1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m r\u1ea5t ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn l\u00e0 coi 5S nh\u01b0 chi\u1ebfn d\u1ecbch d\u1ecdn d\u1eb9p theo qu\u00fd ho\u1eb7c theo tu\u1ea7n. Th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, 5S ch\u1ec9 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 khi tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1eb1ng ng\u00e0y. Nhi\u1ec1u chuy\u00ean gia Lean cho r\u1eb1ng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng c\u1ee7a 5S l\u00e0: b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 v\u1eadt d\u1ee5ng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecm th\u1ea5y trong v\u00f2ng 30 gi\u00e2y v\u00e0 b\u1ea5t k\u1ef3 b\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng n\u00e0o c\u0169ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n trong v\u00f2ng 5 ph\u00fat.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"5S
5S \u2013 N\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng gi\u00fap nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y Muda r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng h\u01a1n<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

5.2 Kaizen v\u00e0 Gemba Walk \u2013 X\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng v\u0103n h\u00f3a c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf Muda<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Kaizen (\u6539\u5584)<\/a> c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cc\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n\u201d. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn t\u1eebng ch\u00fat m\u1ed9t, di\u1ec5n ra th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean v\u00e0 do ch\u00ednh nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t. Kh\u00e1c v\u1edbi c\u00e1c d\u1ef1 \u00e1n \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 l\u1edbn, Kaizen ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng nh\u1edd v\u00e0o s\u1ef1 quan s\u00e1t t\u1ec9 m\u1ec9 v\u00e0 \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng s\u00e1ng t\u1ea1o c\u1ee7a con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u1ed9t ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c nhi\u1ec1u doanh nghi\u1ec7p ch\u01b0a t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng h\u1ebft.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, Gemba Walk l\u00e0 ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u00e0 l\u00e3nh \u0111\u1ea1o xu\u1ed1ng hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp quan s\u00e1t quy tr\u00ecnh th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. M\u1ee5c \u0111\u00edch c\u1ee7a Gemba Walk kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i ki\u1ec3m tra hay khi\u1ec3n tr\u00e1ch m\u00e0 \u0111\u1ec3 hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, l\u1eafng nghe kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 c\u00f9ng h\u1ecd t\u00ecm h\u01b0\u1edbng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. \u0110i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t trong Gemba Walk l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch \u0111\u1eb7t c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi: T\u1ea1i sao l\u1ea1i l\u00e0m theo c\u00e1ch n\u00e0y? C\u00f3 l\u1ef1a ch\u1ecdn n\u00e0o \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n h\u01a1n kh\u00f4ng? \u0110i\u1ec1u g\u00ec kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean trong quy tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y?<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 Kaizen mang l\u1ea1i \u00fd ngh\u0129a v\u00e0 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c Muda, doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea7n x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng khuy\u1ebfn kh\u00edch nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3p \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng, khen th\u01b0\u1edfng k\u1ecbp th\u1eddi v\u00e0 quan tr\u1ecdng nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng nh\u1eefng \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng kh\u1ea3 thi. Toyota c\u00f3 c\u00e2u n\u00f3i r\u1ea5t n\u1ed5i ti\u1ebfng: \u201c\u0110\u1eebng y\u00eau c\u1ea7u nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ch\u0103m ch\u1ec9 h\u01a1n. H\u00e3y y\u00eau c\u1ea7u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c th\u00f4ng minh h\u01a1n.\u201d \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y nh\u1ea5n m\u1ea1nh r\u1eb1ng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng ph\u1ea3i \u0111i tr\u01b0\u1edbc c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.3 Kanban, Just-in-Time v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m t\u1ed3n kho \u2013 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Kanban (\u770b\u677f)<\/a> ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201cb\u1ea3ng hi\u1ec7u\u201d, v\u00e0 trong Lean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t theo nguy\u00ean t\u1eafc \u201ck\u00e9o\u201d, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t khi c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1eeb c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n sau ho\u1eb7c t\u1eeb kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3, doanh nghi\u1ec7p tr\u00e1nh \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c vi\u1ec7c \u201c\u0111\u1ea9y\u201d s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m theo k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc v\u00e0 g\u00e2y ra s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t d\u01b0 th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nguy\u00ean l\u00fd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac (Just-in-Time<\/a>) k\u1ebft h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi Kanban t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh t\u1ed3n kho, gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd v\u00e0 tr\u00e1nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 nhu c\u1ea7u. M\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m \u0111\u00fang s\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng m\u00e0 c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n ti\u1ebfp theo y\u00eau c\u1ea7u, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 d\u00f2ng n\u01b0\u1edbc ch\u1ea3y \u0111\u1ec1u, kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb \u0111\u1ecdng l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5: \u1ede d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p xe m\u00e1y, khi khu v\u1ef1c l\u1eafp b\u00e1nh xe ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh 10 chi\u1ebfc, h\u1ecd g\u1eedi th\u1ebb Kanban cho khu v\u1ef1c l\u00e0m b\u00e1nh xe \u0111\u1ec3 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u 10 b\u00e1nh ti\u1ebfp theo. B\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn l\u00e0m b\u00e1nh xe ch\u1ec9 b\u1eaft tay v\u00e0o s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ebb n\u00e0y, nh\u1edd \u0111\u00f3 tr\u00e1nh l\u00e0m th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Tuy nhi\u00ean, Kanban v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac ch\u1ec9 ph\u00e1t huy hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 khi quy tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ra \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian x\u1eed l\u00fd t\u1eebng b\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00f4ng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng qu\u00e1 nhi\u1ec1u. N\u1ebfu h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n nhi\u1ec1u s\u1ef1 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng (Mura) ho\u1eb7c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i (Muri), th\u00ec vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 g\u00e2y r\u1ed1i lo\u1ea1n, t\u0103ng \u00e1p l\u1ef1c l\u00ean h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng thay v\u00ec c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.4 Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c & c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng chuy\u1ec1n d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n (Line Balancing)<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00e0 vi\u1ec7c x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tu\u00e2n th\u1ee7 c\u00e1ch l\u00e0m t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t cho t\u1eebng nhi\u1ec7m v\u1ee5, gi\u00fap m\u1ecdi ng\u01b0\u1eddi th\u1ef1c hi\u1ec7n theo m\u1ed9t ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n chung. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m l\u1ed7i, lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eeba v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd nh\u1edd quy tr\u00ecnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, d\u1ec5 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u00e0 ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p ph\u00e2n chia c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1ed7 th\u00ec qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i, ch\u1ed7 th\u00ec nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i. M\u1ee5c ti\u00eau l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u h\u00f2a nh\u1ecbp \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng (takt time).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ed d\u1ee5: Trong d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n \u0111\u00f3ng g\u00f3i th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n A m\u1ea5t 2 ph\u00fat, B m\u1ea5t 4 ph\u00fat, C m\u1ea5t 3 ph\u00fat. Nh\u01b0 v\u1eady B l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1eafc. C\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chia c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n B th\u00e0nh 2 tr\u1ea1m \u0111\u1ec3 m\u1ed7i tr\u1ea1m ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t 2 ph\u00fat, ho\u1eb7c chuy\u1ec3n m\u1ed9t ph\u1ea7n c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u1eeb B sang A ho\u1eb7c C \u0111\u1ec3 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 c\u1ee9ng nh\u1eafc. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, ch\u00fang t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n m\u00f3ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0a ra c\u00e1c \u00fd t\u01b0\u1edfng c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn. Khi c\u00f3 ti\u00eau chu\u1ea9n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng, doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 xem ph\u01b0\u01a1ng \u00e1n m\u1edbi c\u00f3 th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 t\u1ed1t h\u01a1n hay kh\u00f4ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.5 \u0110o l\u01b0\u1eddng k\u1ebft qu\u1ea3: KPI theo d\u00f5i ti\u1ebfn tr\u00ecnh gi\u1ea3m Muda<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a vi\u1ec7c c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m Muda, doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea7n theo d\u00f5i m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed nh\u01b0:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Th\u1eddi gian ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh (lead time): th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n t\u1ed5ng m\u1ee9c l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t l\u00e0 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i v\u00e0 di chuy\u1ec3n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– S\u1ed1 l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111ang d\u1edf dang (WIP<\/a>): \u0111o m\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n kho v\u00e0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 (OEE)<\/a>: cho th\u1ea5y m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 ch\u1edd m\u00e1y, thao t\u00e1c th\u1eeba v\u00e0 l\u1ed7i li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn m\u00e1y m\u00f3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i: ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed t\u1eeb sai h\u1ecfng v\u00e0 gi\u00e1n ti\u1ebfp ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh thao t\u00e1c th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– V\u00f2ng quay t\u1ed3n kho: cho bi\u1ebft kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng v\u1ed1n hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1ed3n kho d\u01b0 th\u1eeba.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– N\u0103ng su\u1ea5t lao \u0111\u1ed9ng: th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u00e1ch tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 tr\u1ef1c quan nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 so s\u00e1nh tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u2013 sau b\u1eb1ng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. V\u00ed d\u1ee5:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u201cSau 6 th\u00e1ng \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng Lean, th\u1eddi gian ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 45 ph\u00fat xu\u1ed1ng 34 ph\u00fat (gi\u1ea3m 24%), WIP gi\u1ea3m t\u1eeb 500 xu\u1ed1ng 200 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m (gi\u1ea3m 60%), t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i t\u1eeb 15% xu\u1ed1ng 5% (gi\u1ea3m 67%)\u201d.<\/strong><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n

B\u1ea3ng theo d\u00f5i (dashboard) v\u1ec1 Muda n\u00ean \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u1eadp nh\u1eadt h\u00e0ng tu\u1ea7n v\u00e0 tr\u00ecnh b\u00e0y trong c\u00e1c cu\u1ed9c h\u1ecdp qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb. M\u1ed9t \u0111i\u1ec1u quan tr\u1ecdng, thay v\u00ec ch\u1ec9 nh\u00ecn v\u00e0o ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1, doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea7n ph\u00e2n t\u00edch nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n khi c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng, \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn di\u1ec5n ra li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

6. Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf Muda v\u00e0 tinh g\u1ecdn v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u1edbi h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i Base.vn<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tinh g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed theo tinh th\u1ea7n Lean, t\u1eeb t\u1ed3n kho, ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, di chuy\u1ec3n th\u1eeba \u0111\u1ebfn l\u1ed7i th\u00f4ng tin, doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u1ea7n m\u1ed9t n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7, ti\u00eau bi\u1ec3u nh\u01b0 Base.vn<\/a>, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a, chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a v\u00e0 k\u1ebft n\u1ed1i to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 quy tr\u00ecnh trong t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 \u1ee9ng d\u1ee5ng n\u1ed5i b\u1eadt thu\u1ed9c Base.vn m\u00e0 doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf Muda ngay t\u1eeb g\u1ed1c bao g\u1ed3m;<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Base Wework: Gi\u1ea3m l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, di chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 thi\u1ebfu minh b\u1ea1ch trong ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Base Wework gi\u00fap t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c theo d\u1ea1ng b\u1ea3ng Kanban, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Gantt v\u00e0 l\u1ecbch bi\u1ec3u, t\u1ea1o ra b\u1ee9c tranh t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3 r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng v\u1ec1 to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 lu\u1ed3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. Nh\u1edd lu\u1ed3ng th\u00f4ng tin minh b\u1ea1ch theo th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c, doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i ph\u1ea3n h\u1ed3i, t\u00ecm ki\u1ebfm ng\u01b0\u1eddi ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m hay trao \u0111\u1ed5i l\u00f2ng v\u00f2ng. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c h\u1ee3p l\u00fd gi\u00fap h\u1ea1n ch\u1ebf qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i \u1edf m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n v\u00e0 gi\u1ea3m l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed do ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p k\u00e9m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. Base Workflow: Chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh, gi\u1ea3m sai s\u00f3t v\u00e0 thao t\u00e1c th\u1eeba<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1edbi Base Workflow, doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 thi\u1ebft k\u1ebf, v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh v\u00e0 t\u1ef1 \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00f3a m\u1ecdi quy tr\u00ecnh t\u1eeb s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn h\u00e0nh ch\u00ednh, nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1, t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh,\u2026 Quy tr\u00ecnh r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng s\u1ebd gi\u00fap c\u1eaft gi\u1ea3m l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed do l\u00e0m sai, l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i, thi\u1ebfu th\u00f4ng tin ho\u1eb7c b\u01b0\u1edbc th\u1eeba. C\u00e1c b\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a gi\u00fap gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng (Mura), tr\u00e1nh qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i (Muri), t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u1ec1n t\u1ea3ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh cho c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. Base Request: T\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a tr\u00ecnh k\u00fd v\u00e0 ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t h\u1ed3 s\u01a1, v\u0103n ki\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Base Request s\u1ed1 h\u00f3a to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111\u1ec1 xu\u1ea5t & ph\u00ea duy\u1ec7t, thay th\u1ebf c\u00e1c file gi\u1ea5y, email r\u1eddi r\u1ea1c ho\u1eb7c trao \u0111\u1ed5i th\u1ee7 c\u00f4ng. T\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng ch\u1edd k\u00fd, th\u1ea5t l\u1ea1c t\u00e0i li\u1ec7u, v\u00f2ng l\u1eb7p x\u00e1c nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n. Nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean bi\u1ebft r\u00f5 ai ch\u1ecbu tr\u00e1ch nhi\u1ec7m k\u00fd t\u00e1, b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o \u0111ang x\u1eed l\u00fd, b\u01b0\u1edbc n\u00e0o b\u1ecb k\u1eb9t. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 c\u00e1ch h\u1eefu hi\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 gi\u1ea3m th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd v\u00e0 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed do x\u1eed l\u00fd h\u1ed3 s\u01a1 ch\u1eadm tr\u1ec5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. Base Goal: T\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau, gi\u1ea3m l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed do ph\u00e2n t\u00e1n v\u00e0 l\u00e0m kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang tr\u1ecdng t\u00e2m<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ee8ng d\u1ee5ng Base Goal gi\u00fap ho\u1ea1ch \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 theo d\u00f5i m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau theo ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p KPI\/OKR, g\u1eafn k\u1ebft m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00e1 nh\u00e2n v\u1edbi chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u1ed5ng th\u1ec3. Khi m\u1ecdi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 vai tr\u00f2 v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01b0\u1edbng, doanh nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ebd gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed do l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u00fang \u01b0u ti\u00ean, kh\u00f4ng r\u00f5 m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau ho\u1eb7c tr\u00f9ng l\u1eb7p n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 h\u00ecnh th\u1ee9c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u201cl\u00e3ng ph\u00ed ti\u1ec1m n\u0103ng nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1\u201d.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Base<\/a>
Base Work+<\/a> | B\u1ed9 gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

V\u1edbi h\u1ec7 sinh th\u00e1i Base.vn, doanh nghi\u1ec7p ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t theo \u0111\u00fang tinh th\u1ea7n Lean, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi gi\u1ea3m tr\u1eeb Muda trong m\u1ecdi kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh t\u1eeb v\u0103n ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7n tr\u01b0\u1eddng nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u01a1n 10.000+ doanh nghi\u1ec7p Vi\u1ec7t \u0111\u00e3 n\u00e2ng t\u1ea7m n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb s\u1ed1 c\u00f9ng Base.vn. Li\u00ean h\u1ec7 ch\u00fang t\u00f4i ngay h\u00f4m nay \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c t\u01b0 v\u1ea5n v\u00e0 tri\u1ec3n khai gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p c\u00f4ng ngh\u1ec7 ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p nh\u1ea5t v\u1edbi quy m\u00f4, l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p b\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

7. K\u1ebft b\u00e0i<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Qua nh\u1eefng th\u00f4ng tin gi\u1ea3i \u0111\u00e1p \u201cMuda l\u00e0 g\u00ec\u201d, ch\u00fang ta c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 th\u1ea5y, Muda kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n l\u00e0 tri\u1ebft l\u00fd qu\u1ea3n tr\u1ecb gi\u00fap doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. T\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c hi\u1ec3u r\u00f5 8 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed trong khung TIMWOOD \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 nh\u01b0 5S, Kaizen, Kanban, doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh tinh g\u1ecdn v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf Muda n\u00ean b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb vi\u1ec7c thay \u0111\u1ed5i c\u00e1ch nh\u00ecn, t\u1eeb “ch\u00fang ta \u0111ang l\u00e0m g\u00ec” sang “\u0111i\u1ec1u g\u00ec t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng”. Khi t\u01b0 duy n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u1ea5m nhu\u1ea7n trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 t\u1ed5 ch\u1ee9c, m\u1ecdi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1ebd \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 v\u00e0 c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn li\u00ean t\u1ee5c.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1i \u01b0u ho\u00e1 hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 kinh doanh, doanh nghi\u1ec7p th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p ph\u1ea3i nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1 cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Theo tri\u1ebft l\u00fd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tinh g\u1ecdn (Lean) v\u00e0 H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t Toyota, nh\u1eefng \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed n\u00e0y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi l\u00e0 […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":20,"featured_media":26058,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[20],"tags":[],"ppma_author":[64],"class_list":["post-26035","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-kien-thuc-san-xuat"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nMuda l\u00e0 g\u00ec? 9 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed trong Lean Manufacturing<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Muda l\u00e0 g\u00ec? 9 lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed trong Lean Manufacturing gi\u00fap doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec3m k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3, gi\u1ea3m chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/base.vn\/blog\/muda-la-gi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"vi_VN\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Muda l\u00e0 g\u00ec? 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