{"id":26080,"date":"2025-12-20T10:55:30","date_gmt":"2025-12-20T03:55:30","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/base.vn\/blog\/?p=26080"},"modified":"2026-03-05T16:41:42","modified_gmt":"2026-03-05T09:41:42","slug":"mura-la-gi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/base.vn\/blog\/mura-la-gi\/","title":{"rendered":"Mura l\u00e0 g\u00ec? D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u trong quy tr\u00ecnh"},"content":{"rendered":"\n

Trong h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh t\u1ed1i \u01b0u h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, nhi\u1ec1u doanh nghi\u1ec7p Vi\u1ec7t Nam th\u01b0\u1eddng t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed (Muda) nh\u01b0ng l\u1ea1i b\u1ecf qua m\u1ed9t nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c, \u0111\u00f3 ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 Mura, hay s\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kinh doanh. V\u1eady Mura l\u00e0 g\u00ec? C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng d\u1ea1ng Mura n\u00e0o? H\u00e3y c\u00f9ng Base.vn<\/a> t\u00ecm hi\u1ec3u trong n\u1ed9i dung sau.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1. Mura l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

1.1 \u0110\u1ecbnh ngh\u0129a Mura<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Mura (\u30e0\u30e9)<\/strong><\/strong> l\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng ho\u1eb7c thi\u1ebfu \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ra. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba d\u1ea1ng l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i trong tri\u1ebft l\u00fd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tinh g\u1ecdn (Lean Manufacturing), g\u00e2y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.2 \u00dd ngh\u0129a g\u1ed1c ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt c\u1ee7a Mura<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

T\u1eeb \u201cMura\u201d b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb ti\u1ebfng Nh\u1eadt, vi\u1ebft b\u1eb1ng k\u00fd t\u1ef1 kanji l\u00e0 \u6591, mang ngh\u0129a l\u00e0 \u201ckh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u\u201d, \u201cb\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng\u201d ho\u1eb7c \u201ckh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng nh\u1ea5t\u201d. Trong \u0111\u1eddi s\u1ed1ng th\u01b0\u1eddng ng\u00e0y, t\u1eeb n\u00e0y d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 m\u00f4 t\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng m\u1ea3ng m\u00e0u kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch kh\u00f4ng mong mu\u1ed1n trong t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi \u0111\u01b0a v\u00e0o b\u1ed1i c\u1ea3nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, Mura \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u00f9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00fac cao l\u00fac th\u1ea5p, th\u1eddi gian x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed7i c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ed1ng nhau, hay ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ca l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c. Nh\u1eefng bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i xen k\u1ebd v\u1edbi c\u00e1c kho\u1ea3ng nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng kh\u00f3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"Mura
Mura l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

1.3 V\u1ecb tr\u00ed c\u1ee7a Mura trong H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t Toyota (TPS) v\u00e0 Lean Manufacturing<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong H\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng S\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t Toyota, Mura \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c xem l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t trong ba nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5 c\u1ea7n b\u1ecb lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf \u0111\u1ec3 x\u00e2y d\u1ef1ng h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 v\u00e0 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Toyota kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung gi\u1ea3m l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed, m\u00e0 c\u00f2n coi tr\u1ecdng vi\u1ec7c t\u1ea1o ra d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng do Mura g\u00e2y ra l\u00e0m suy gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ee7a nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tinh g\u1ecdn kh\u00e1c. Khi s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, th\u1eddi gian ho\u1eb7c ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng li\u00ean t\u1ee5c thay \u0111\u1ed5i, c\u00e1c ph\u01b0\u01a1ng ph\u00e1p nh\u01b0 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u00fang l\u00fac (Just-In-Time), qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u1eb1ng th\u1ebb Kanban hay 5S s\u1ebd kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t huy t\u1ed1i \u0111a vai tr\u00f2 c\u1ee7a ch\u00fang. V\u00ec v\u1eady, Toyota lu\u00f4n \u01b0u ti\u00ean san b\u1eb1ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng trong chi\u1ebfn l\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mura c\u00f3 m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 ch\u1eb7t ch\u1ebd v\u1edbi Muda (l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed) v\u00e0 Muri (qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i) trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c. N\u1ebfu Muda t\u1eadp trung v\u00e0o vi\u1ec7c lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, th\u00ec Mura h\u01b0\u1edbng \u0111\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a quy tr\u00ecnh. Khi Mura \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t t\u1ed1t, Muri gi\u1ea3m v\u00e0 Muda c\u0169ng t\u1ef1 nhi\u00ean \u00edt \u0111i, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 t\u1ea1o n\u00ean m\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh b\u1ec1n v\u1eefng, c\u00f3 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng th\u00edch \u1ee9ng cao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

1.4 V\u00ec sao doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 b\u1ecf Mura?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t sai l\u1ea7m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn khi \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tinh g\u1ecdn l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 t\u1eadp trung lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c (Muda) m\u00e0 b\u1ecf qua nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng (Mura). \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn ch\u1ec9 mang t\u00ednh t\u1ea1m th\u1eddi, gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 x\u1eed l\u00fd ph\u1ea7n ng\u1ecdn m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng gi\u1ea3i quy\u1ebft ph\u1ea7n g\u1ed1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Mura ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 ngu\u1ed3n g\u1ed1c sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed kh\u00e1c. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng trong \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng (Mura) s\u1ebd d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed3n kho d\u1ef1 ph\u00f2ng cao (Muda v\u1ec1 t\u1ed3n kho), ph\u00e1t sinh th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i (Muda v\u1ec1 ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i), v\u00e0 th\u1eadm ch\u00ed l\u00e0 l\u00e0m th\u00eam gi\u1edd (Muri v\u1ec1 qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i).<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u00ec v\u1eady, hi\u1ec3u v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd Mura l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 t\u1ed1i \u01b0u quy tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, n\u00e2ng cao hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh l\u00e2u d\u00e0i c\u1ee7a ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ra. Nh\u1eefng doanh nghi\u1ec7p tri\u1ec3n khai Lean<\/a> th\u00e0nh c\u00f4ng th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 nh\u1eefng \u0111\u01a1n v\u1ecb nh\u00ecn nh\u1eadn \u0111\u00fang m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Mura, Muri v\u00e0 Muda, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 n\u1ed7 l\u1ef1c c\u1ea3i ti\u1ebfn m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2. B\u1ed9 ba Muda \u2013 Mura \u2013 Muri: Kh\u00e1c nhau ra sao v\u00e0 li\u00ean quan th\u1ebf n\u00e0o?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

2.1 T\u00f3m t\u1eaft 3M trong Lean: Muda, Mura, Muri l\u00e0 g\u00ec?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong tri\u1ebft l\u00fd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t tinh g\u1ecdn, ba nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c g\u1ecdi chung l\u00e0 b\u1ed9 ba 3M. M\u1ed7i y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh m\u1ed9t kh\u00eda c\u1ea1nh kh\u00e1c nhau c\u1ee7a v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 trong v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Muda (\u7121\u99c4) \u2013 l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed<\/a>: <\/strong>L\u00e0 t\u1ea5t c\u1ea3 nh\u1eefng ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng nh\u01b0ng v\u1eabn ti\u00eau t\u1ed1n th\u1eddi gian, chi ph\u00ed ho\u1eb7c ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c. Muda th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c chia th\u00e0nh 8 nh\u00f3m ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn, bao g\u1ed3m: ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, t\u1ed3n kho d\u01b0 th\u1eeba, l\u1ed7i ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, l\u00e0m th\u1eeba c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n, di chuy\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1eeba v\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1eadn d\u1ee5ng n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c con ng\u01b0\u1eddi.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Mura (\u6591) \u2013 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng:<\/strong> L\u00e0 t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng thi\u1ebfu \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh trong kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c, th\u1eddi gian x\u1eed l\u00fd, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ra ho\u1eb7c nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng. Mura khi\u1ebfn d\u00f2ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c l\u00fac nhanh l\u00fac ch\u1eadm, t\u1ea1o ra nh\u1eefng \u201cl\u00e0n s\u00f3ng\u201d trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

– Muri (\u7121\u7406) \u2013 qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i<\/a>:<\/strong> X\u1ea3y ra khi con ng\u01b0\u1eddi, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c ho\u1eb7c h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng b\u1ecb \u00e9p ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. Qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, g\u00e2y ra sai s\u00f3t, thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c v\u00e0 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng suy gi\u1ea3m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ba y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed3n t\u1ea1i ri\u00eang l\u1ebb m\u00e0 lu\u00f4n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng qua l\u1ea1i v\u1edbi nhau. C\u00e1ch doanh nghi\u1ec7p qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd 3M s\u1ebd quy\u1ebft \u0111\u1ecbnh tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i c\u1ee7a h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh l\u00e0 k\u00e9m hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 hay \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 tinh g\u1ecdn h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"B\u1ed9
B\u1ed9 ba Muda \u2013 Mura \u2013 Muri<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

2.2 B\u1ea3ng so s\u00e1nh nhanh Muda – Mura – Muri<\/h3>\n\n\n\n
Kh\u00e1i ni\u1ec7m<\/strong><\/td>B\u1ea3n ch\u1ea5t<\/strong><\/td>Bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n<\/strong><\/td>Gi\u1ea3i ph\u00e1p ch\u00ednh<\/strong><\/td><\/tr>
Muda<\/td>L\u00e3ng ph\u00ed c\u00e1c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb<\/td>T\u1ed3n kho d\u01b0 th\u1eeba, ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i ho\u1eb7c v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft<\/td>Lo\u1ea1i b\u1ecf tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp, \u00e1p d\u1ee5ng 5S ho\u1eb7c Kaizen<\/td><\/tr>
Mura<\/td>Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u trong quy tr\u00ecnh<\/td>S\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u00fac cao l\u00fac th\u1ea5p, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh<\/td>Heijunka, Kanban, chu\u1ea9n h\u00f3a<\/td><\/tr>
Muri<\/td>Qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1\/thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u01b0\u1ee3t kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng<\/td>L\u00e0m th\u00eam gi\u1edd, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ki\u1ec7t s\u1ee9c<\/td>C\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng t\u1ea3i, c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5<\/td><\/tr><\/tbody><\/table><\/figure>\n\n\n\n

2.3 Chu\u1ed7i nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n \u2013 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3: v\u00ec sao Mura v\u00e0 Muri t\u1ea1o ra Muda?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 gi\u1eefa Muda, Mura v\u00e0 Muri kh\u00f4ng ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0 tuy\u1ebfn t\u00ednh \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n m\u00e0 gi\u1ed1ng nh\u01b0 m\u1ed9t chu\u1ed7i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng lan r\u1ed9ng trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Trong nhi\u1ec1u tr\u01b0\u1eddng h\u1ee3p, Mura ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec3m kh\u1edfi \u0111\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Khi quy tr\u00ecnh ho\u1eb7c nhu c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng l\u1edbn (Mura), doanh nghi\u1ec7p bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i ph\u1ea3n \u1ee9ng \u0111\u1ec3 ch\u1ed1ng \u0111\u1ee1. V\u00e0o th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m cao \u0111i\u1ec3m, nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c ph\u1ea3i t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c, l\u00e0m th\u00eam gi\u1edd, x\u1eed l\u00fd kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 ph\u00e1t sinh Muri, t\u1ee9c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, \u1edf nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n th\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec3m, ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c l\u1ea1i b\u1ecb b\u1ecf kh\u00f4ng, kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng t\u1ed1i \u01b0u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

C\u1ea3 Mura v\u00e0 Muri \u0111\u1ec1u d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn s\u1ef1 xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Muda. Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng khi\u1ebfn doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef t\u1ed3n kho nhi\u1ec1u h\u01a1n \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u00f2ng r\u1ee7i ro, l\u00e0m ph\u00e1t sinh ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i v\u00e0 sai l\u1ec7ch ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng. Qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i l\u00e0m t\u0103ng l\u1ed7i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, h\u1ecfng thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb v\u00e0 k\u00e9o theo nhi\u1ec1u ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa, kh\u1eafc ph\u1ee5c m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb cho c\u1ea3 doanh nghi\u1ec7p l\u1eabn kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2.4 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 minh h\u1ecda m\u1ed1i quan h\u1ec7 3M tr\u00ean m\u1ed9t d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong m\u1ed9t d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p xe m\u00e1y t\u1ea1i m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y, do ch\u00ednh s\u00e1ch b\u00e1n h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ea1i l\u00fd, \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u: \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng \u00edt, cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn g\u1ea5p ba l\u1ea7n \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ecbp ch\u1ec9 ti\u00eau. \u0110\u00e2y l\u00e0 v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Mura, t\u1ee9c l\u00e0 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng trong nhu c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng d\u1ed3n v\u00e0o cu\u1ed1i th\u00e1ng, nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y ph\u1ea3i y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n l\u00e0m th\u00eam gi\u1edd, t\u0103ng t\u1ed1c \u0111\u1ed9 d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n v\u00e0 huy \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ed1i \u0111a c\u00e1c b\u1ed9 ph\u1eadn h\u1ed7 tr\u1ee3. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y t\u1ea1o ra Muri, t\u1ee9c t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i cho con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, v\u00e0o \u0111\u1ea7u th\u00e1ng, nhi\u1ec1u c\u00f4ng nh\u00e2n ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd vi\u1ec7c, m\u00e1y m\u00f3c ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ea7m ch\u1eebng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 h\u00e0ng lo\u1ea1t Muda xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n: t\u1ed3n kho linh ki\u1ec7n cao \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ec1 ph\u00f2ng \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn, th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean l\u00fac th\u1ea5p \u0111i\u1ec3m, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i t\u0103ng khi l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c d\u01b0\u1edbi \u00e1p l\u1ef1c cao, chi ph\u00ed l\u00e0m th\u00eam gi\u1edd v\u00e0 v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n g\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 k\u1ecbp ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9. Chu tr\u00ecnh n\u00e0y l\u1eb7p \u0111i l\u1eb7p l\u1ea1i m\u1ed7i th\u00e1ng, khi\u1ebfn h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u1eeba t\u1ed1n k\u00e9m v\u1eeba kh\u00f3 ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3. C\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng Mura th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

3.1 Mura trong kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ti\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

D\u1ea1ng Mura ph\u1ed5 bi\u1ebfn nh\u1ea5t trong m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 s\u1ef1 ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u c\u1ee7a kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c theo th\u1eddi gian<\/strong>. C\u00f3 nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i, trong khi nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y kh\u00e1c l\u1ea1i r\u1ea3nh r\u1ed7i, kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 \u0111\u1ee7 vi\u1ec7c \u0111\u1ec3 l\u00e0m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong ng\u00e0nh may m\u1eb7c, t\u00ecnh tr\u1ea1ng n\u00e0y x\u1ea3y ra kh\u00e1 r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. C\u00e1c \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng xu\u1ea5t kh\u1ea9u th\u01b0\u1eddng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c d\u1ed3n v\u00e0o m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m nh\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong n\u0103m. V\u00e0o m\u00f9a cao \u0111i\u1ec3m, \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 10 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 12 \u0111\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u00f9a l\u1ec5 h\u1ed9i \u1edf ch\u00e2u \u00c2u v\u00e0 M\u1ef9, nhi\u1ec1u x\u01b0\u1edfng may ph\u1ea3i ch\u1ea1y li\u00ean t\u1ee5c nhi\u1ec1u ca, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean t\u0103ng ca th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean. Ng\u01b0\u1ee3c l\u1ea1i, giai \u0111o\u1ea1n sau T\u1ebft t\u1eeb th\u00e1ng 1 \u0111\u1ebfn th\u00e1ng 3, \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng s\u1ee5t gi\u1ea3m m\u1ea1nh khi\u1ebfn doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i cho nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ngh\u1ec9 lu\u00e2n phi\u00ean ho\u1eb7c t\u1ea1m ng\u1eebng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i n\u00e0y k\u00e9o theo nhi\u1ec1u h\u1ec7 l\u1ee5y li\u00ean quan \u0111\u1ebfn t\u1ed3n kho, chi ph\u00ed v\u00e0 n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t. Trong m\u00f9a cao \u0111i\u1ec3m, doanh nghi\u1ec7p ph\u1ea3i d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef l\u01b0\u1ee3ng l\u1edbn nguy\u00ean ph\u1ee5 li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 b\u00e1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m, l\u00e0m t\u0103ng chi ph\u00ed t\u1ed3n kho v\u00e0 r\u1ee7i ro h\u01b0 h\u1ecfng, l\u1ed7i m\u1ed1t. Chi ph\u00ed nh\u00e2n c\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed9i l\u00ean do t\u0103ng ca ho\u1eb7c thu\u00ea lao \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u1eddi v\u1ee5. V\u1ec1 l\u00e2u d\u00e0i, n\u0103ng su\u1ea5t b\u00ecnh qu\u00e2n c\u1ea3 n\u0103m gi\u1ea3m v\u00ec ngu\u1ed3n l\u1ef1c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch t\u1ed1t nh\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.2 Mura trong quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Mura c\u0169ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7n ngay b\u00ean trong m\u1ed9t quy tr\u00ecnh<\/strong>, khi c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng v\u1edbi nhau. Khi \u0111\u00f3, m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 kh\u00e2u tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn, c\u00f2n c\u00e1c kh\u00e2u kh\u00e1c ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, kh\u00f4ng ph\u00e1t huy h\u1ebft n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong ng\u00e0nh \u0111i\u1ec7n t\u1eed, hi\u1ec7n t\u01b0\u1ee3ng n\u00e0y hay g\u1eb7p \u1edf c\u00e1c d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n l\u1eafp r\u00e1p b\u1ea3ng m\u1ea1ch. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n g\u1eafn linh ki\u1ec7n b\u1ec1 m\u1eb7t c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh trong kho\u1ea3ng 45 gi\u00e2y, nh\u01b0ng c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n ki\u1ec3m tra ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng b\u1eb1ng tay l\u1ea1i m\u1ea5t t\u1edbi 75 gi\u00e2y. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 b\u00e1n th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m b\u1ecb d\u1ed3n l\u1ea1i tr\u01b0\u1edbc kh\u00e2u ki\u1ec3m tra, t\u1ea1o ra l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c d\u1edf dang cao, trong khi c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n tr\u01b0\u1edbc \u0111\u00f3 bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1m d\u1eebng ho\u1eb7c l\u00e0m ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u00e1nh t\u1ed3n \u0111\u1ecdng th\u00eam.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u00ednh s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng n\u00e0y l\u00e0m t\u0103ng t\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi gian ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng, gi\u1ea3m hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng m\u00e1y m\u00f3c v\u00e0 nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c. Vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n l\u1ed7i c\u0169ng b\u1ecb ch\u1eadm l\u1ea1i v\u00ec s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd l\u00e2u trong h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ee3i. Quan tr\u1ecdng h\u01a1n, doanh nghi\u1ec7p r\u1ea5t kh\u00f3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m giao h\u00e0ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn uy t\u00edn v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"C\u00e1c
C\u00e1c d\u1ea1ng Mura th\u01b0\u1eddng g\u1eb7p trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

3.3 Mura trong ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u0111\u1ea7u ra<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u1ec1 ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng<\/strong> l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t d\u1ea1ng Mura c\u1ef1c k\u1ef3 r\u1ee7i ro v\u00ec n\u00f3 t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 h\u00ecnh \u1ea3nh th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u. S\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m ho\u1eb7c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 c\u00f3 l\u00fac t\u1ed1t, l\u00fac k\u00e9m, l\u00fac nhanh, l\u00fac ch\u1eadm khi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f3 tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0 kh\u00f3 quay l\u1ea1i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong ng\u00e0nh th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m, s\u1ef1 kh\u00e1c bi\u1ec7t gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ca s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t l\u00e0 m\u1ed9t v\u00ed d\u1ee5 \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh. Ca s\u00e1ng v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ed9i ng\u0169 l\u00e0nh ngh\u1ec1 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i r\u1ea5t th\u1ea5p. Trong khi \u0111\u00f3, ca \u0111\u00eam v\u1edbi nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 \u00edt kinh nghi\u1ec7m h\u01a1n, l\u1ea1i d\u1ec5 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi, c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t sinh l\u1ed7i nhi\u1ec1u g\u1ea5p v\u00e0i l\u1ea7n. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 g\u00e2y l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u v\u00e0 th\u1eddi gian s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa m\u00e0 c\u00f2n ti\u1ec1m \u1ea9n nguy c\u01a1 thi\u1ebfu an to\u00e0n th\u1ef1c ph\u1ea9m.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

\u1ede l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 trung t\u00e2m ch\u0103m s\u00f3c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, th\u1eddi gian x\u1eed l\u00fd m\u1ed9t y\u00eau c\u1ea7u c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn. C\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi ch\u1ec9 m\u1ea5t v\u00e0i ph\u00fat, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 cu\u1ed9c k\u00e9o d\u00e0i h\u00e0ng ch\u1ee5c ph\u00fat, t\u00f9y v\u00e0o n\u0103ng l\u1ef1c c\u1ee7a nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean v\u00e0 \u00e1p l\u1ef1c t\u1ea1i t\u1eebng th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m trong ng\u00e0y. S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y khi\u1ebfn tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng thi\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n, \u0111\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi g\u00e2y kh\u00f3 kh\u0103n cho vi\u1ec7c b\u1ed1 tr\u00ed nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

3.4 V\u00ed d\u1ee5 th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf trong c\u00e1c ng\u00e0nh<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Trong ng\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u00f4 t\u00f4, Mura th\u01b0\u1eddng ph\u00e1t sinh do ph\u1ee5 thu\u1ed9c v\u00e0o l\u1ecbch giao h\u00e0ng c\u1ee7a nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p. Ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p gh\u1ebf da giao h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ec1u gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y trong tu\u1ea7n, khi\u1ebfn nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y l\u1eafp r\u00e1p ph\u1ea3i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c \u0111i\u1ec1u ch\u1ec9nh k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. K\u1ebft qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c ng\u00e0y b\u1ecb x\u00e1o tr\u1ed9n, l\u00fac d\u1ed3n d\u1eadp, l\u00fac gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong c\u00e1c trung t\u00e2m ch\u0103m s\u00f3c kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng, l\u01b0u l\u01b0\u1ee3ng cu\u1ed9c g\u1ecdi thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ea1nh theo t\u1eebng khung gi\u1edd. Bu\u1ed5i s\u00e1ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u1ea7u gi\u1edd chi\u1ec1u th\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0 cao \u0111i\u1ec3m, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i x\u1eed l\u00fd y\u00eau c\u1ea7u li\u00ean t\u1ee5c, kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd l\u00e2u. C\u00e1c khung gi\u1edd c\u00f2n l\u1ea1i l\u1ea1i kh\u00e1 v\u1eafng, d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng nh\u00e2n l\u1ef1c th\u1ea5p.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong ng\u00e0nh nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng, th\u1eddi gian ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u00f3n \u0103n c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch r\u1ea5t l\u1edbn t\u00f9y theo m\u00f3n, th\u1eddi \u0111i\u1ec3m \u0111\u00f4ng hay v\u1eafng kh\u00e1ch v\u00e0 tay ngh\u1ec1 c\u1ee7a \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp. C\u00f3 l\u00fac kh\u00e1ch ch\u1ec9 ch\u1edd 10 ph\u00fat, nh\u01b0ng c\u0169ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ee3i t\u1edbi 30\u201345 ph\u00fat. S\u1ef1 kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u n\u00e0y \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 l\u00e0m kh\u00f3 vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd b\u00e0n, d\u1ef1 b\u00e1o doanh thu.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Trong l\u0129nh v\u1ef1c logistics, th\u1eddi gian giao h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 dao \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1eeb \u0111\u00fang h\u1eb9n \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ec5 v\u00e0i ng\u00e0y do nhi\u1ec1u y\u1ebfu t\u1ed1 nh\u01b0 th\u1eddi ti\u1ebft, giao th\u00f4ng hay s\u1ef1 ph\u1ed1i h\u1ee3p gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c b\u00ean. S\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y lan r\u1ed9ng ra to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 chu\u1ed7i cung \u1ee9ng, v\u00e0 l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m \u0111\u1ed9 tin c\u1eady c\u1ee7a d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4. T\u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Mura \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

4.1 Mura l\u00e0m t\u0103ng l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed Muda: t\u1ed3n kho, ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i, v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n, s\u1eeda l\u1ed7i\u2026<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Mura t\u1ea1o ra m\u1ed9t hi\u1ec7u \u1ee9ng domino, sinh ra nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i l\u00e3ng ph\u00ed Muda kh\u00e1c nhau trong h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t. Khi ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u, doanh nghi\u1ec7p bu\u1ed9c ph\u1ea3i t\u1ea1o ra c\u00e1c “\u0111\u1ec7m an to\u00e0n” \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh n\u00e0y.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ed3n kho d\u01b0 th\u1eeba l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Mura trong nhu c\u1ea7u. \u0110\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o kh\u00f4ng b\u1ecb gi\u00e1n \u0111o\u1ea1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t khi c\u00f3 \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn, nhi\u1ec1u nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y duy tr\u00ec m\u1ee9c t\u1ed3n kho nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u cao g\u1ea5p 2-3 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, m\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 m\u00e1y s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3 nh\u1ef1a gia d\u1ee5ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 tr\u1eef 15 t\u1ea5n h\u1ea1t nh\u1ef1a thay v\u00ec 5 t\u1ea5n c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft, t\u1ea1o ra chi ph\u00ed c\u01a1 h\u1ed9i v\u1ed1n kho\u1ea3ng 200-300 tri\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ed3ng ch\u1ec9 ri\u00eang v\u1ec1 nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i t\u0103ng l\u00ean \u0111\u00e1ng k\u1ec3 do s\u1ef1 m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ed3ng b\u1ed9 gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n. Khi m\u1ed9t kh\u00e2u trong d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng cao, c\u00e1c kh\u00e2u ti\u1ebfp theo ph\u1ea3i ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i \u0111\u1ec3 x\u1eed l\u00fd, t\u1ea1o ra th\u1eddi gian kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Nghi\u00ean c\u1ee9u cho th\u1ea5y trong m\u1ed9t s\u1ed1 d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n c\u00f3 Mura cao, th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 chi\u1ebfm \u0111\u1ebfn 60% t\u1ed5ng th\u1eddi gian chu k\u1ef3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n v\u00e0 s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa l\u1ed7i c\u0169ng gia t\u0103ng. Bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng trong s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng d\u1eabn \u0111\u1ebfn nhu c\u1ea7u v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n kh\u1ea9n c\u1ea5p \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1p \u1ee9ng deadline, v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 cao g\u1ea5p 2-5 l\u1ea7n so v\u1edbi v\u1eadn chuy\u1ec3n b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng. \u0110\u1ed3ng th\u1eddi, \u00e1p l\u1ef1c th\u1eddi gian khi\u1ebfn t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i t\u0103ng, sinh ra th\u00eam chi ph\u00ed s\u1eeda ch\u1eefa, l\u00e0m l\u1ea1i v\u00e0 x\u1eed l\u00fd khi\u1ebfu n\u1ea1i kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.2 \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t, giao h\u00e0ng v\u00e0 d\u00f2ng ti\u1ec1n doanh nghi\u1ec7p<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Mura t\u1ea1o ra s\u1ef1 b\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ecbnh trong kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c, bi\u1ebfn vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t<\/a> th\u00e0nh m\u1ed9t th\u1eed th\u00e1ch th\u1ef1c s\u1ef1. Khi kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n ch\u00ednh x\u00e1c th\u1eddi gian ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f3 c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o giao h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00fang h\u1ea1n cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Nhi\u1ec1u doanh nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ph\u1ea3i duy tr\u00ec “buffer time\u201d (th\u1eddi gian \u0111\u1ec7m) l\u00ean \u0111\u1ebfn 20-30% th\u1eddi gian s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ea3m b\u1ea3o giao h\u00e0ng \u0111\u00fang ng\u00e0y. \u0110i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m t\u0103ng lead time<\/a> (th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd) m\u00e0 c\u00f2n gi\u1ea3m kh\u1ea3 n\u0103ng c\u1ea1nh tranh so v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u00f3 quy tr\u00ecnh \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh h\u01a1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u00f2ng ti\u1ec1n c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u0169ng b\u1ecb \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng nghi\u00eam tr\u1ecdng do kh\u00f4ng d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c doanh thu v\u00e0 chi ph\u00ed. Nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng th\u1ea5p t\u1ea1o ra \u00e1p l\u1ef1c v\u1ec1 d\u00f2ng ti\u1ec1n v\u00e0o, trong khi nh\u1eefng th\u00e1ng cao \u0111i\u1ec3m l\u1ea1i t\u1ea1o ra \u00e1p l\u1ef1c do chi ph\u00ed v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t bi\u1ebfn. Vi\u1ec7c qu\u1ea3n l\u00fd t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh tr\u1edf n\u00ean ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p khi ph\u1ea3i c\u00e2n \u0111\u1ed1i gi\u1eefa nhu c\u1ea7u \u0111\u1ea7u t\u01b0 m\u1edf r\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 duy tr\u00ec t\u00ednh thanh kho\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u1ed1i ph\u00f3 v\u1edbi bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng.<\/p>\n\n\n

\n
\"T\u00e1c
T\u00e1c h\u1ea1i c\u1ee7a Mura \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi chi ph\u00ed, ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 con ng\u01b0\u1eddi<\/em><\/figcaption><\/figure><\/div>\n\n\n

4.3 T\u1ea1o Muri (qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i) cho nh\u00e2n s\u1ef1 v\u00e0 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c: stress, tai n\u1ea1n, h\u1ecfng h\u00f3c, ngh\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Mura kh\u00f4ng ch\u1ec9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t m\u00e0 c\u00f2n t\u00e1c \u0111\u1ed9ng ti\u00eau c\u1ef1c \u0111\u1ebfn con ng\u01b0\u1eddi v\u00e0 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb. Khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh, nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i \u0111\u1ed1i m\u1eb7t v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng, \u00e1p l\u1ef1c cao xen k\u1ebd v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi gian t\u01b0\u01a1ng \u0111\u1ed1i nh\u00e0n r\u1ed7i. H\u01a1n n\u1eefa, khi kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 d\u1ef1 \u0111o\u00e1n \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c th\u00ec s\u1ebd g\u00e2y ra s\u1ef1 c\u0103ng th\u1eb3ng v\u00e0 m\u1ec7t m\u1ecfi. T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 tai n\u1ea1n lao \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng t\u0103ng trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cao \u0111i\u1ec3m khi nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c qu\u00e1 m\u1ee9c v\u00e0 trong \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n \u00e1p l\u1ef1c th\u1eddi gian.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb, vi\u1ec7c v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u t\u1ea1o ra hao m\u00f2n kh\u00f4ng c\u1ea7n thi\u1ebft. M\u00e1y m\u00f3c ph\u1ea3i ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u1ebft c\u00f4ng su\u1ea5t trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cao \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u00e0 d\u1eebng ngh\u1ec9 trong nh\u1eefng th\u1eddi gian \u00edt vi\u1ec7c, \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y ho\u00e0n to\u00e0n kh\u00f4ng t\u1ed1t cho \u0111\u1ed9 b\u1ec1n v\u00e0 hi\u1ec7u su\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a thi\u1ebft b\u1ecb.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 ngh\u1ec9 vi\u1ec7c (turnover rate) c\u0169ng t\u0103ng cao do nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 th\u00edch \u1ee9ng v\u1edbi m\u00f4i tr\u01b0\u1eddng l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c thi\u1ebfu \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Chi ph\u00ed tuy\u1ec3n d\u1ee5ng v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e0o t\u1ea1o nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean m\u1edbi s\u1ebd tr\u1edf th\u00e0nh g\u00e1nh n\u1eb7ng t\u00e0i ch\u00ednh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

4.4 \u1ea2nh h\u01b0\u1edfng \u0111\u1ebfn tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng: d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, kh\u00f3 tin c\u1eady<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Mura trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng n\u1ed9i b\u1ed9 cu\u1ed1i c\u00f9ng s\u1ebd th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n ra b\u00ean ngo\u00e0i th\u00f4ng qua ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m v\u00e0 d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m s\u1ef1 h\u00e0i l\u00f2ng c\u1ee7a kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Th\u1eddi gian giao h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u1ed3ng \u0111\u1ec1u l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng nh\u1ea5t c\u1ee7a Mura \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. M\u1ed9t c\u00f4ng ty logistics c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 giao h\u00e0ng nhanh trong 24 gi\u1edd v\u00e0o nh\u1eefng ng\u00e0y b\u00ecnh th\u01b0\u1eddng, nh\u01b0ng m\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ebfn 4-5 ng\u00e0y trong nh\u1eefng giai \u0111o\u1ea1n cao \u0111i\u1ec3m. S\u1ef1 thi\u1ebfu nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n n\u00e0y l\u00e2u d\u1ea7n s\u1ebd khi\u1ebfn kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng tin t\u01b0\u1edfng v\u00e0o d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng t\u1ea1o ra tr\u1ea3i nghi\u1ec7m kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n. M\u1ed9t nh\u00e0 h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 ph\u1ee5c v\u1ee5 m\u00f3n \u0103n ngon trong nh\u1eefng gi\u1edd kh\u00f4ng cao \u0111i\u1ec3m v\u1edbi \u0111\u1ea7u b\u1ebfp c\u00f3 kinh nghi\u1ec7m, nh\u01b0ng ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng gi\u1ea3m r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t trong gi\u1edd cao \u0111i\u1ec3m do \u00e1p l\u1ef1c th\u1eddi gian v\u00e0 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c t\u0103ng cao.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Ngo\u00e0i ra, s\u1ef1 th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng trong d\u1ecbch v\u1ee5 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f2n l\u00e0m gi\u1ea3m l\u00f2ng trung th\u00e0nh \u0111\u1ed1i v\u1edbi th\u01b0\u01a1ng hi\u1ec7u. H\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 l\u00e0 kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng c\u00f3 xu h\u01b0\u1edbng r\u1eddi b\u1ecf doanh nghi\u1ec7p v\u00e0 chuy\u1ec3n sang \u0111\u1ed1i th\u1ee7 c\u1ea1nh tranh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5. C\u00e1ch nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n v\u00e0 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng Mura trong doanh nghi\u1ec7p<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

5.1 D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u nh\u1eadn bi\u1ebft nhanh: l\u1ecbch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u201cgi\u1eadt c\u1ee5c\u201d, l\u00e0m th\u00eam gi\u1edd, l\u1ed7i ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo ng\u00e0y<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n Mura s\u1edbm, doanh nghi\u1ec7p kh\u00f4ng nh\u1ea5t thi\u1ebft ph\u1ea3i b\u1eaft \u0111\u1ea7u t\u1eeb c\u00e1c b\u1ea3ng s\u1ed1 li\u1ec7u ph\u1ee9c t\u1ea1p. Tr\u00ean th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, Mura th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 qua nh\u1eefng d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u quan s\u00e1t \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c trong ho\u1ea1t \u0111\u1ed9ng h\u00e0ng ng\u00e0y. \u0110\u00e2y ch\u00ednh l\u00e0 c\u00e1c t\u00edn hi\u1ec7u c\u1ea3nh b\u00e1o s\u1edbm, cho th\u1ea5y h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng \u0111ang thi\u1ebfu \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

D\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u d\u1ec5 th\u1ea5y nh\u1ea5t l\u00e0 l\u1ecbch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u201cgi\u1eadt c\u1ee5c\u201d. Khi k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t li\u00ean t\u1ee5c b\u1ecb thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong ng\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c tu\u1ea7n, v\u1edbi s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Mura. V\u00ed d\u1ee5, h\u00f4m nay d\u00e2y chuy\u1ec1n s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t 100 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, h\u00f4m sau t\u0103ng \u0111\u1ed9t ng\u1ed9t l\u00ean 300 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, r\u1ed3i ng\u00e0y k\u1ebf ti\u1ebfp l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3m xu\u1ed1ng c\u00f2n 50 s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng b\u1eaft ngu\u1ed3n t\u1eeb s\u1ef1 thay \u0111\u1ed5i trong nhu c\u1ea7u th\u1ecb tr\u01b0\u1eddng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

S\u1ed1 gi\u1edd l\u00e0m th\u00eam kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh theo th\u1eddi gian c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh Mura r\u1ea5t r\u00f5 trong ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. Trong c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t th\u00e1ng, n\u1ebfu c\u00f3 tu\u1ea7n nh\u00e2n vi\u00ean ph\u1ea3i l\u00e0m th\u00eam 20\u201330 gi\u1edd, nh\u01b0ng nh\u1eefng tu\u1ea7n kh\u00e1c ch\u1ec9 l\u00e0m th\u00eam v\u00e0i gi\u1edd ho\u1eb7c kh\u00f4ng l\u00e0m th\u00eam, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c san b\u1eb1ng h\u1ee3p l\u00fd.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

M\u1ed9t d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u quan tr\u1ecdng kh\u00e1c l\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng thay \u0111\u1ed5i theo ng\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c theo ca. N\u1ebfu ca s\u00e1ng duy tr\u00ec t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i \u1edf m\u1ee9c 2% nh\u01b0ng ca t\u1ed1i t\u0103ng l\u00ean 7\u20138%, ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ea7u tu\u1ea7n ch\u1ea5t l\u01b0\u1ee3ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh nh\u01b0ng cu\u1ed1i tu\u1ea7n l\u1ed7i t\u0103ng cao, th\u00ec \u0111\u00e2y l\u00e0 bi\u1ec3u hi\u1ec7n c\u1ee7a Mura trong ki\u1ec3m so\u00e1t quy tr\u00ecnh v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u ki\u1ec7n l\u00e0m vi\u1ec7c.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.2 Ph\u00e1t hi\u1ec7n Mura b\u1eb1ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u: s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng, takt time, WIP, lead time, t\u1ed3n kho, t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Sau khi nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n c\u00e1c d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u tr\u1ef1c quan, b\u01b0\u1edbc ti\u1ebfp theo l\u00e0 s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng d\u1eef li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111o l\u01b0\u1eddng m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 Mura m\u1ed9t c\u00e1ch c\u1ee5 th\u1ec3. Vi\u1ec7c theo d\u00f5i li\u00ean t\u1ee5c v\u00e0 tr\u1ef1c quan h\u00f3a d\u1eef li\u1ec7u gi\u00fap doanh nghi\u1ec7p nh\u00ecn ra c\u00e1c m\u00f4 h\u00ecnh bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng v\u00e0 x\u00e1c \u0111\u1ecbnh nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u1ed1c r\u1ec5.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng theo ng\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c theo tu\u1ea7n l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 \u0111\u01a1n gi\u1ea3n nh\u01b0ng r\u1ea5t hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3. M\u1ed9t h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng c\u00f3 Mura cao th\u01b0\u1eddng c\u00f3 \u0111\u01b0\u1eddng bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 d\u1ea1ng r\u0103ng c\u01b0a, v\u1edbi c\u00e1c \u0111\u1ec9nh cao v\u00e0 \u0111\u00e1y th\u1ea5p r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, n\u1ebfu m\u1ee9c bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u01b0\u1ee3t qu\u00e1 20% so v\u1edbi m\u1ee9c trung b\u00ecnh, \u0111\u00f3 l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u cho th\u1ea5y c\u1ea7n xem x\u00e9t l\u1ea1i c\u00e1ch l\u1eadp k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch v\u00e0 \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u1ed9 s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Takt time<\/a> (nh\u1ecbp s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t theo nhu c\u1ea7u kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng) l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 s\u1ed1 quan tr\u1ecdng \u0111\u1ec3 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 s\u1ef1 \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Takt time m\u1ee5c ti\u00eau c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 l\u00e0 60 gi\u00e2y m\u1ed7i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, nh\u01b0ng n\u1ebfu th\u1eddi gian th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf l\u00fac l\u00e0 45 gi\u00e2y, l\u00fac l\u1ea1i k\u00e9o d\u00e0i t\u1edbi 90 gi\u00e2y, th\u00ec \u0111i\u1ec1u n\u00e0y cho th\u1ea5y quy tr\u00ecnh kh\u00f4ng \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh. Mura th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 \u1edf vi\u1ec7c kh\u00f4ng th\u1ec3 duy tr\u00ec nh\u1ecbp s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t \u0111\u1ec1u \u0111\u1eb7n theo nhu c\u1ea7u.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

WIP \u2013 Work in Progress<\/a> (s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111ang trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t) c\u0169ng ph\u1ea3n \u00e1nh Mura trong d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c. Khi l\u01b0\u1ee3ng WIP t\u0103ng gi\u1ea3m th\u1ea5t th\u01b0\u1eddng theo th\u1eddi gian, thay v\u00ec duy tr\u00ec \u1edf m\u1ee9c \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh, \u0111i\u1ec1u \u0111\u00f3 cho th\u1ea5y c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n trong quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111ang m\u1ea5t c\u00e2n b\u1eb1ng. Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 WIP l\u00ean xu\u1ed1ng theo d\u1ea1ng s\u00f3ng l\u00e0 d\u1ea5u hi\u1ec7u \u0111i\u1ec3n h\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a Mura.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Lead time (th\u1eddi gian t\u1eeb khi nh\u1eadn \u0111\u01a1n \u0111\u1ebfn khi ho\u00e0n th\u00e0nh) bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng m\u1ea1nh l\u00e0 h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3 tr\u1ef1c ti\u1ebfp c\u1ee7a Mura trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u1ec7 th\u1ed1ng. N\u1ebfu c\u00f9ng m\u1ed9t lo\u1ea1i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, lead time c\u00f3 l\u00fac ch\u1ec9 5 ng\u00e0y nh\u01b0ng c\u00f3 l\u00fac k\u00e9o d\u00e0i \u0111\u1ebfn 15 ng\u00e0y m\u00e0 kh\u00f4ng c\u00f3 thay \u0111\u1ed5i l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 y\u00eau c\u1ea7u k\u1ef9 thu\u1eadt, th\u00ec r\u00f5 r\u00e0ng quy tr\u00ecnh \u0111ang thi\u1ebfu t\u00ednh nh\u1ea5t qu\u00e1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

T\u01b0\u01a1ng t\u1ef1, t\u1ed3n kho v\u00e0 t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i n\u1ebfu thay \u0111\u1ed5i m\u1ea1nh theo t\u1eebng ng\u00e0y ho\u1eb7c t\u1eebng tu\u1ea7n c\u0169ng l\u00e0 ch\u1ec9 b\u00e1o \u0111\u00e1ng l\u01b0u \u00fd. T\u1ed3n kho t\u0103ng v\u1ecdt r\u1ed3i l\u1ea1i gi\u1ea3m s\u00e2u, hay t\u1ef7 l\u1ec7 l\u1ed7i l\u00fac th\u1ea5p l\u00fac cao, \u0111\u1ec1u cho th\u1ea5y doanh nghi\u1ec7p \u0111ang v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh trong tr\u1ea1ng th\u00e1i thi\u1ebfu \u1ed5n \u0111\u1ecbnh v\u00e0 c\u1ea7n s\u1edbm c\u00f3 bi\u1ec7n ph\u00e1p san b\u1eb1ng.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.3 S\u1eed d\u1ee5ng c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 tr\u1ef1c quan \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn r\u00f5 Mura: VSM, Heijunka box v\u00e0 Pareto<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

Value Stream Mapping (VSM)<\/a>, hay s\u01a1 \u0111\u1ed3 d\u00f2ng ch\u1ea3y gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb, l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 r\u1ea5t h\u1eefu \u00edch \u0111\u1ec3 nh\u00ecn th\u1ea5y Mura trong to\u00e0n b\u1ed9 h\u00e0nh tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m, t\u1eeb nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u \u0111\u1ea7u v\u00e0o cho \u0111\u1ebfn khi th\u00e0nh ph\u1ea9m \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c giao cho kh\u00e1ch h\u00e0ng. Th\u00f4ng qua VSM, doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 d\u1ec5 d\u00e0ng nh\u1eadn ra c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m ngh\u1ebdn trong quy tr\u00ecnh, n\u01a1i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111ang b\u1ecb d\u1ed3n \u1ee9, t\u1ed3n kho gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n WIP (s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m \u0111ang trong qu\u00e1 tr\u00ecnh x\u1eed l\u00fd) v\u00e0 nh\u1eefng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian ch\u1edd \u0111\u1ee3i kh\u00f4ng t\u1ea1o ra gi\u00e1 tr\u1ecb. Tr\u00ean b\u1ea3n \u0111\u1ed3 VSM, Mura th\u01b0\u1eddng th\u1ec3 hi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 qua c\u00e1c \u0111i\u1ec3m t\u1ed3n kho ph\u00ecnh to ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 ch\u00eanh l\u1ec7ch l\u1edbn v\u1ec1 th\u1eddi gian gi\u1eefa c\u00e1c c\u00f4ng \u0111o\u1ea1n.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Heijunka box (b\u1ea3ng san b\u1eb1ng s\u1ea3n l\u01b0\u1ee3ng) l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u00fap theo d\u00f5i vi\u1ec7c ph\u00e2n b\u1ed5 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng v\u00e0 ch\u1ee7ng lo\u1ea1i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m theo t\u1eebng kho\u1ea3ng th\u1eddi gian. Khi s\u1eed d\u1ee5ng Heijunka box, c\u00e1c \u00f4 b\u1ecb qu\u00e1 t\u1ea3i ho\u1eb7c \u0111\u1ec3 tr\u1ed1ng s\u1ebd cho th\u1ea5y n\u01a1i k\u1ebf ho\u1ea1ch s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t ch\u01b0a \u0111\u01b0\u1ee3c san b\u1eb1ng, t\u1eeb \u0111\u00f3 b\u1ed9c l\u1ed9 Mura. C\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 n\u00e0y \u0111\u1eb7c bi\u1ec7t ph\u00f9 h\u1ee3p v\u1edbi nh\u1eefng doanh nghi\u1ec7p s\u1ea3n xu\u1ea5t nhi\u1ec1u lo\u1ea1i s\u1ea3n ph\u1ea9m kh\u00e1c nhau v\u00e0 c\u00f3 nhu c\u1ea7u thay \u0111\u1ed5i th\u01b0\u1eddng xuy\u00ean.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

Bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Pareto<\/a> l\u00e0 c\u00f4ng c\u1ee5 gi\u00fap doanh nghi\u1ec7p t\u1eadp trung \u0111\u00fang v\u1ea5n \u0111\u1ec1 khi ph\u00e2n t\u00edch Mura. B\u1eb1ng c\u00e1ch s\u1eafp x\u1ebfp c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n g\u00e2y bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng theo m\u1ee9c \u0111\u1ed9 \u1ea3nh h\u01b0\u1edfng, bi\u1ec3u \u0111\u1ed3 Pareto cho th\u1ea5y \u0111\u00e2u l\u00e0 s\u1ed1 \u00edt nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n t\u1ea1o ra ph\u1ea7n l\u1edbn h\u1ec7 qu\u1ea3. Trong th\u1ef1c t\u1ebf, kho\u1ea3ng 80% s\u1ef1 bi\u1ebfn \u0111\u1ed9ng th\u01b0\u1eddng xu\u1ea5t ph\u00e1t t\u1eeb 20% nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n ch\u00ednh, ch\u1eb3ng h\u1ea1n nh\u01b0 thay \u0111\u1ed5i \u0111\u01a1n h\u00e0ng v\u00e0o ph\u00fat ch\u00f3t, thi\u1ebfu nguy\u00ean li\u1ec7u t\u1eeb nh\u00e0 cung c\u1ea5p, ho\u1eb7c s\u1ef1 c\u1ed1 m\u00e1y m\u00f3c. Vi\u1ec7c \u01b0u ti\u00ean x\u1eed l\u00fd c\u00e1c nguy\u00ean nh\u00e2n c\u1ed1t l\u00f5i n\u00e0y s\u1ebd mang l\u1ea1i hi\u1ec7u qu\u1ea3 c\u1ea3i thi\u1ec7n r\u00f5 r\u1ec7t h\u01a1n so v\u1edbi x\u1eed l\u00fd d\u00e0n tr\u1ea3i.<\/p>\n\n\n\n

5.4 Checklist t\u1ef1 \u0111\u00e1nh gi\u00e1 nhanh: Quy tr\u00ecnh c\u1ee7a doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 \u0111ang g\u1eb7p Mura kh\u00f4ng?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n

\u0110\u1ec3 nh\u1eadn di\u1ec7n Mura trong quy tr\u00ecnh v\u1eadn h\u00e0nh, doanh nghi\u1ec7p c\u00f3 th\u1ec3 t\u1ef1 tr\u1ea3 l\u1eddi c\u00e1c c\u00e2u h\u1ecfi sau:<\/p>\n\n\n\n

V\u1ec1 kh\u1ed1i l\u01b0\u1ee3ng c\u00f4ng vi\u1ec7c:<\/p>\n\n\n\n